1. Select the appropriate option to fill the blank.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n In the line, ‘Logic is a valuable tool for anyone who wants to think clearly and to communicate effectively…’, the writer implies that Logic __________.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(a)\u00a0 is necessary for everyone to learn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 helps to enhance thought process and communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 is an optional subject that can be mastered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 makes communication more complicated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer: B<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: Reference lines: ‘Logic is a valuable tool for anyone who wants to think clearly and to communicate effectively.’<\/p>\n\n\n\n2. The writer’s use of the phrase ‘Not all men are mortal’ in the passage. What is the most likely tone this indicates?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 paradoxical\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 sarcastic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 contradictory\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 argumentative<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer: C<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explanation<\/strong>: Reference lines: ‘The argument above is not sound because the first premise is false. Not all men are mortal, because some men, such as Jesus Christ, are believed to be immortal.’<\/p>\n\n\n\n3. Select the option that is true for both (1) and (2) below, according to the passage.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n1. \u00a0 A sound argument is one where the conclusion follows necessarily from true premises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Validity of an argument is determined by whether it’s impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(a)\u00a0 (1) is true but (2) is false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 Both (1) and (2) are true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 (2) is true but (1) cannot be inferred from the text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 (1) is true but (2) cannot be inferred from the text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: B<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: Reference lines: ‘A sound argument is a valid argument in which the premises are actually true.’ and ‘An argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.’<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Substitute the underlined word correctly in the following line from the passage:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\u00a0\u00a0“A sound argument is a valid argument in which the premises are actually true.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(a)\u00a0 real\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 tangible<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 authentic\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 reliable<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: C<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: In this context, the word “true” refers to premises that are factually correct or authentic. The word “real” can also refer to something genuine but it may lack the context of factuality needed here. The words “tangible” and “reliable” do not fit in this context, as they refer to something that can be physically touched and something that is consistent respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n5. \u00a0 \u00a0 Based on the passage, select the option that uses the concept of “ambiguity”, as discussed in the passage.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\u00a0(a)\u00a0 All dogs are mammals. Fido is a mammal. Therefore, Fido is a dog.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 It’s raining cats and dogs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 She saw the man with the binoculars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 To err is human.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: C<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: The option that correctly uses the concept of “ambiguity” as discussed in the passage is c) “She saw the man with the binoculars.” This sentence demonstrates ambiguity because it can be interpreted in two different ways, leading to potential confusion or different meanings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Section \u2013 B: Logical Reasoning<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n 6. Considering the premises: “All philosophers ponder existential questions,” and “Bertrand Russell is a philosopher,” according to the principles of logic delineated in the passage, which of the following conclusions is valid?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 Bertrand Russell ponders existential questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 Individuals who ponder existential questions are philosophers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0(c)\u00a0 Bertrand Russell may or may not ponder existential questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 Only philosophers like Bertrand Russell ponder existential questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: A<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: Reference Lines from Passage: An argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. Given the argument: “All living creatures require water to survive. Reptiles are living creatures. Therefore, reptiles require water to survive,” according to the principles of logic explained in the passage, how can this argument be classified?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 Invalid because the premises do not necessarily lead to the conclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 Sound, as it is valid and the premises are true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 Valid, but not sound because the premises are false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 Irrelevant because the conclusion does not follow from the premises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: B<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation:<\/strong> Reference Lines from Passage: A sound argument is a valid argument in which the premises are actually true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n8. Given the hypothetical scenario where (A) the majority of the birds are eagles, (B) a majority of the birds are pigeons, and (C) no non-bird eagle (an eagle that is not a bird) is a non-bird pigeon (a pigeon that is not a bird), which of the following conclusions can be drawn based on the principles of logic outlined in the passage?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 No eagles are pigeons.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 Some eagles are pigeons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 All eagles are pigeons.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 It cannot be determined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: B \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u00a0Explanation<\/strong>: Reference Lines from Passage: An argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 9. If a minority of smartphones are laptops and a majority of smartphones are digital cameras, which of the following could be valid based on the logical principles delineated in the passage?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 No laptops are digital cameras. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 All laptops are digital cameras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 Both (a) and (b).\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 Neither (a) nor (b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: C<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation:<\/strong> Reference Lines from Passage: An argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 10. Consider this hypothetical situation: A majority of chess players are mathematicians. Every mathematician possesses high cognitive skills. Individuals with high cognitive skills are twenty times more likely to solve complex problems than those with lower cognitive skills. The ability to solve complex problems is the sole determinant for winning a chess game. Which of the following conclusion(s) can be logically deduced from these premises?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 In a chess tournament, a player with lower cognitive skills will never be able to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 In a chess tournament, the winner among 20 players can be predicted solely based on the cognitive skills of the players.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 In a Sudoku competition, where all participants are mathematicians, the winner among 50 participants can be predicted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 Both (a) and (b) are correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: D<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: Reference Lines from Passage: An argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u00a011. \u00a0 Assume that a minority of libraries contain manuscripts. Which of the following statement(s) is not logically valid based on the principles delineated in the passage?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(a)\u00a0 If there are libraries, there are manuscripts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 If there are manuscripts, there are at least 2 libraries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 If there are no manuscripts, there are no libraries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 All of the above statements are valid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer: <\/strong>D<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: Reference Lines from Passage: A sound argument is a valid argument in which the premises are actually true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n12. Consider this scenario: Every software developer is a problem solver. All problem solvers possess analytical thinking abilities. Some software developers are also data analysts. Which of the following conclusion(s) is logically valid given these premises?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\u00a0(a)\u00a0 All problem solvers are software developers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 Some problem solvers are data analysts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 Every software developer is a data analyst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 None of the above conclusions is valid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: B<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: Reference Lines from Passage: An argument is a group of statements, one of which (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (the premises).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Section \u2013 C: Gk and Current Affairs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n1. \u2018PoshanBhi, PadhaiBhi\u2019 is the government’s flagship program launched by which of the following Ministries?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 Ministry of Women and Child Development<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 Ministry of Home Affairs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 Ministry of Education<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 Ministry of Rural Development<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: A<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: The Union Minister for Women and Child Development introduced the government’s flagship program ‘PoshanBhi, PadhaiBhi’, which focuses on Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) at anganwadis across the country. For effective implementation of ECCE, the Ministry has allocated Rs 600 crore for the training of Anganwadi Workers (AWW). The training for anganwadi workers will be provided by, the National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (NIPCCD). To transform anganwadi centers into not just nutrition hubs but also education-imparting centers is the objective of the program. The ECCE progr education in the mother tongue, aligning with the principles of the New Education Policy will be the priority of ECCE program.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n2. In which of the following years was the \u2018Kisan Credit Card\u2019 Scheme launched?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 1998\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 2008\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer:A<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explanation<\/strong>: The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced in 1998 to provide timely credit support to farmers. It offers credit for cultivation, purchase of agriculture inputs, and other needs. The scheme was extended to cover the investment credit requirement of farmers in 2004. In 2018-19, the facility was extended to fisheries and animal husbandry farmers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n3. Which of the following Constitutional amendment in 1976 added the word \u2018secular\u2019 to the preamble of the Constitution?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 44th<\/sup>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n(b)\u00a0 50th<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n(c)\u00a0 42nd<\/sup>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n(d)\u00a0 51st<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\nAnswer<\/strong>: C<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: The 42nd Constitutional amendment in 1976 added the word \u2018secular\u2019 to the preamble of the Constitution. India being a secular state, is a no state religion which means that it follows no particular religion.\u00a0 In Ahmedabad St. Xavier\u2019s College vs. State of Gujarat (1975), the SC held that Secularism neither means anti-god nor pro-god. It just ensures that no one is differentiated on the basis of religion eliminating the concept of God in matters of the state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n4. UNGA had declared the international year 2023 after which of the following cereals?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 Millets\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b)\u00a0 Legumes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 Rice \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d)\u00a0 Corn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: A<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: The United Nations General Assembly had declared the year 2023 as the International Year of Millets. India’s proposal to observe an International Year of Millets in 2023 was approved by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in 2018.\u00a0 This was adopted by a United Nations Resolution for which India took the lead and was supported by over 70 nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\nObjectives<\/strong>: To increase awareness of the contribution of millet to Food Security and nutrition. And, to inspire stakeholders to improve sustainable production and quality of millets. Also, to increase focus on enhanced investment in research and development and extension services to achieve the other two aims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n5. Which of the following countries are the four largest market of medical devices in Asia?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0 India, China, Thailand, Pakistan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(b) Japan, Russia, China, South Korea<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(c)\u00a0 South Korea, Japan, Thailand, China \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(d) Japan, China, South Korea, India<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong>: D<\/p>\n\n\n\nExplanation<\/strong>: India is the 4th largest Asian medical devices market after Japan, China, and South Korea, and among the top 20 medical devices markets globally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n India\u2019s current market share in the medical device category is 1.5% of the global space or $11 billion (that is Rs 90,000 crore) in 2020. US dominates the global market with a 40% market share, followed by Europe and Japan at 25% and 15% respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Free Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/1IUGr-5IH14O8G8fnc6uMhkvVu-yBz6mI-GhL7jA0tPFDwos5m66A8wRXUs3FEdpMS3Whq1Tm87sS6DGWeaXKIwsIJFHVeJtraXhRtZj65IbKfCKbOKw_pKIQVpBRLNzCMK720vLPDkRjv3d3dgoOyk\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n