25 June 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Amendments in FCRA Rules

Context

The Ministry of Home Affairs has amended the rules under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) to strengthen compliance, transparency, and monitoring of foreign funding received by individuals, NGOs, and organisations.

About FCRA

• The FCRA regulates foreign contributions received by individuals, associations, NGOs, and other organisations.
• Its objective is to ensure that foreign funding does not adversely affect India’s sovereignty, integrity, security, public interest, or national interest.
• It was first enacted in 1976, replaced by the FCRA, 2010, and substantially amended in 2020.

Key Amendments

Significance

• Enhances traceability of foreign funds and reduces the risk of diversion for unlawful activities.
• Improves government oversight of NGOs and associations receiving foreign contributions.
• Strengthens transparency by requiring disclosure of donors, activities, locations, and social-media accounts.
• Seeks to prevent misuse of foreign funding for activities that may affect public order, national security, or communal harmony.

Concerns

• Smaller NGOs may face difficulties in meeting the ₹10 lakh utilisation threshold, particularly those working in remote or underserved regions.
• Increased compliance requirements may raise administrative costs and delay project implementation.
• Restrictions on foreign nationals as key functionaries could affect international collaborations in research, humanitarian work, and development projects.
• The broad interpretation of terms such as “national interest” and “proselytisation” may create uncertainty for civil-society organisations.

RBI’s FCNR(B) Swap Facility

Context

Reserve Bank of India has issued guidelines for a special foreign-exchange swap facility covering FCNR(B) deposits, External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs), and Overseas Foreign Currency Borrowings (OFCBs). The facility aims to encourage stable foreign-currency inflows into India.

What is a Forex Swap?

• A foreign-exchange swap is an agreement in which two parties exchange one currency for another at the prevailing exchange rate and agree to reverse the transaction on a specified future date at a pre-determined rate.
• Under this facility, the RBI undertakes a plain buy/sell swap with eligible banks: it purchases foreign currency now and sells it back at the end of the agreed swap period.

FCNR(B) Deposits

• FCNR(B) stands for Foreign Currency Non-Resident (Bank) Account.
• It is a fixed-deposit account maintained by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) in designated foreign currencies with authorised Indian banks.
• Deposits are protected from exchange-rate risk because both the deposit and repayment are denominated in foreign currency.
• Under the new facility, Indian banks, including their overseas branches, may extend loans to non-residents against FCNR(B) deposits; and issue standby letters of credit against such deposits.
• Eligible deposits must have an original maturity of at least three years.
• The swap can still be used where residual maturity is below three years, provided the original deposit had a minimum three-year tenor.

External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs)

• ECBs are commercial loans raised by eligible Indian entities from recognised non-resident lenders.
• Only ECBs with an average maturity of three years or more qualify for the swap facility.
• The swap period will be co-terminus with the repayment schedule of the ECB.
• The maximum permissible swap tenor is five years.

Overseas Foreign Currency Borrowings (OFCBs)

• OFCBs refer to foreign-currency borrowings raised abroad by authorised dealer banks.
• They are eligible if their original maturity is at least three years.
• The facility helps banks mobilise foreign currency overseas while reducing associated exchange-rate and liquidity risks.

Significance

• Encourages longer-term foreign-currency inflows rather than volatile short-term capital.
• Helps strengthen India’s foreign-exchange reserves and external-sector resilience.
• Provides banks greater certainty in managing currency and maturity risks.
• Supports availability of foreign currency for trade, investment, and external financing.
• Can reduce pressure on the rupee during periods of global financial volatility.

Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS)

Context

The Reserve Bank of India has permitted financiers on TReDS platforms to obtain government-backed credit-guarantee cover for invoices financed through these platforms.

What is TReDS?

• TReDS is an RBI-regulated electronic platform that enables Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to access working capital by discounting their trade receivables or invoices through competitive bidding by financiers.
• It converts unpaid invoices into immediate liquidity, allowing MSMEs to receive payment before the buyer’s credit period ends.

How It Works

1. An MSME seller raises an invoice on a corporate, government buyer, or CPSE.
2. The buyer accepts the invoice on the TReDS platform.
3. Banks, NBFCs and other eligible financiers competitively bid to finance the invoice.
4. The MSME receives funds upfront after the invoice is discounted.
5. On maturity, the buyer pays the financier directly.

Key Features

• Collateral-free financing: Funding is based mainly on the buyer’s creditworthiness rather than the MSME’s assets.
• Non-recourse financing: The financier generally bears the risk of delayed payment or default by the buyer.
• Competitive interest rates: Multiple financiers bid for invoices, helping reduce borrowing costs.
• Improved cash flow: MSMEs receive timely funds without waiting for long payment cycles.
• Priority Sector Lending: Financing through TReDS can support banks in meeting Priority Sector Lending targets.
• Secure digital transactions: The platform ensures electronic documentation, invoice verification and transparent financing.

Participants

• MSME sellers: Entities seeking early payment against invoices.
• Buyers: Corporate entities, government departments and Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs).
• Financiers: Banks, NBFCs, insurance companies and credit-guarantee trusts.

Regulatory Framework

• Registration on TReDS is mandatory for all CPSEs and corporate buyers with annual turnover above ₹250 crore.
• RBI regulates TReDS under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
• Transactions on the platform are governed by the Factoring Regulation Act, 2011.

Significance

• Addresses delayed payments, one of the most serious working-capital constraints faced by MSMEs.
• Reduces dependence on informal and high-cost borrowing.
• Improves transparency in business-to-business credit transactions.
• The new credit-guarantee cover can encourage more financiers to participate, expand invoice financing, and reduce credit risk in the MSME ecosystem.

UN Secretary-General’s Brief on Earth System Tipping Points

Context

António Guterres released the Scientific Advisory Board’s Brief #12 on Earth System Tipping Points during London Climate Action Week. He also launched a global Call to Action on Methane, targeting emissions from waste, agriculture, and fossil-fuel operations.

What are Earth System Tipping Points?

• Earth system tipping points are critical thresholds at which relatively small environmental changes can trigger large, self-reinforcing and potentially irreversible shifts in natural systems.
• Once crossed, such changes may continue even if greenhouse-gas emissions are later reduced, making them difficult or impossible to reverse on human timescales.

Key Findings

Methane Call to Action

The global methane initiative focuses on three major emission sources:

• Waste: Landfills and wastewater systems.
• Agriculture: Livestock digestion, manure, and rice cultivation.
• Fossil fuels: Leakage during coal mining and oil and gas production, transport, and processing.

Methane is especially important because it is a highly potent greenhouse gas with a much stronger warming effect than carbon dioxide over shorter time horizons.

Energy Transition Context

• The West Asia conflict has caused an energy shock comparable to the major oil crises of the 1970s and disruptions following the Russia–Ukraine war.
• The eight largest fossil-fuel companies reportedly earned about $6.5 billion in windfall profits in early 2026.
• Since 2010:
  • Solar power costs have declined by around 90%.
  • Onshore wind costs have fallen by more than 70%.
  • Battery-storage costs have dropped by approximately 95%.
• Existing clean-energy capacity reportedly avoided around $480 billion in global fuel costs in 2025.

QS World Future Skills Index 2027

Context

India ranked 13th globally and secured the first position among lower-middle-income economies in the QS World Future Skills Index 2027.

The index is released by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a global higher-education analytics and rankings organisation.

About the Index

• Assesses countries’ preparedness for an AI-driven and rapidly changing global labour market.
• Covers 89 countries.
• Evaluates performance across four pillars:

Global Rankings

1. United States
2. Australia
3. United Kingdom

India’s Strengths

• Large IT workforce: India has one of the world’s largest pools of information-technology professionals.
• Graduate base: A substantial number of tertiary-educated graduates enter the labour market annually.
• Digital Public Infrastructure: Platforms such as UPI, Aadhaar, India Stack, and Open Network for Digital Commerce strengthen digital inclusion and innovation.
• Startup ecosystem: India’s expanding start-up ecosystem supports entrepreneurship, digital services, fintech, and emerging technology adoption.
• Cost-effective digital capability: India’s large talent base and digital infrastructure support its transition towards AI-enabled services and technology-led growth.

Mekedatu Dam Project

Context

The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution opposing the proposed Mekedatu Dam Project of Karnataka.

About the Project

• Location: Proposed across the Cauvery River at Mekedatu Gorge in Karnataka, downstream of the confluence of the Arkavathi and Cauvery rivers.
• Objectives: To supply drinking water to Bengaluru and generate around 400 MW of hydropower.
• Inter-State Concern: Tamil Nadu argues that the project could reduce downstream water flows and undermine allocations fixed by the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal Award (2007), as modified by the Supreme Court in 2018.

Constitutional and Legal Framework for Inter-State River Disputes

• Article 262: Empowers Parliament to provide for adjudication of disputes relating to inter-State rivers and river valleys. Parliament may also exclude the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other courts in such disputes.
• Entry 17, State List: Water, including water supply, irrigation, canals, drainage and embankments, is primarily a State subject.
• Entry 56, Union List: Parliament may regulate and develop inter-State rivers and river valleys in the public interest.
• Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956: Provides for Water Disputes Tribunals to adjudicate inter-State river disputes; it was amended in 2002 to prescribe timelines.
• River Boards Act, 1956: Enables the Union Government to establish River Boards for regulation and development of inter-State rivers. However, no River Board has been constituted under the Act so far.

About Mullaperiyar Dam

• Type: Masonry gravity dam.
• River: Built across the Periyar River.
• Location: Idukki district, Kerala, within the Periyar Tiger Reserve.
• Construction: Built between 1887 and 1895 under the supervision of British engineer John Pennycuick.
• Hydrological significance: It diverts water from the west-flowing Periyar basin to the east-flowing Vaigai basin in Tamil Nadu.

Administrative Arrangement

• The dam operates under an 1886 lease agreement, renewed in 1970.
• Under this arrangement, Tamil Nadu manages, operates and uses the dam’s waters for irrigation and drinking-water requirements in parts of southern Tamil Nadu.

Dam-Safety Mechanism

• The Comprehensive Dam Safety Evaluation Committee has been constituted by the National Dam Safety Authority under the Dam Safety Act, 2021.
• The committee is tasked with assessing the dam’s structural safety, hydrological safety, operational practices and need for rehabilitation or strengthening measures.

Core Inter-State Issue

• Kerala has raised concerns regarding the ageing dam’s structural safety and the potential risks to downstream populations and the ecologically sensitive Periyar Tiger Reserve.
• Tamil Nadu emphasises its legal rights under the lease arrangement and the dam’s importance for water supply and irrigation in the Vaigai basin.

Skeleton Remains at Rakhigarhi

Context

The Archaeological Survey of India has transferred excavated human skeletal remains from Rakhigarhi to the Anthropological Survey of India for scientific examination and preservation.

Key Findings from the Recent Excavation

• Excavations at Mound No. 7 recovered five complete human skeletons, estimated to be between 30 and 40 years old, along with three fragmentary burials.
• The burials follow a standardised north–south orientation.
• Earthenware pots containing provisions were placed alongside the deceased, indicating organised funerary practices and possible beliefs relating to the afterlife.
• Earlier excavations found female burials with ornaments such as jasper and agate beads, along with shell bangles.

Ancient DNA Evidence

• Rakhigarhi is the only Harappan site to have yielded authenticated ancient DNA (aDNA) evidence.
• Genetic analysis of a female individual indicated no detectable ancestry associated with Steppe pastoralist populations in that sample.
• The finding is relevant to debates on population history in South Asia, though conclusions about broad migration theories require evidence from larger and more diverse ancient-DNA samples.

About Rakhigarhi

• Located in Hisar district of Haryana, along the seasonal Drishadvati River.
• It is regarded as the largest known site of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The settlement shows continuous occupation from the Early Harappan to Mature Harappan phases.

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