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12 October 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs covers all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exam.

 

National SC-ST Hub (NSSH)

Why in News?

National SC-ST Hub Scheme is supporting SC/ST-owned businesses by connecting entrepreneurship development with public procurement opportunities, helping them strengthen business capabilities and expand their market reach.


About the National SC-ST Hub

  • Launch: 18 October 2016.
  • Implementation agency: National Small Industries Corporation
  • Objective: To address challenges faced by Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe entrepreneurs and facilitate their participation in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) ecosystem.
  • Key interventions: Public procurement support, access to finance and technology, skill development, mentoring, marketing assistance and business networking.

Major Schemes and Support Mechanisms

1. Special Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (SCLCSS)

  • Provides a 25% capital subsidy, subject to a maximum of ₹25 lakh, for eligible equipment purchases financed through institutional credit.
  • By March 2026, 3,160 MSEs had received support amounting to ₹356.10 crore.

2. Single Point Registration Scheme

  • Facilitates MSE participation in government procurement.
  • Under the Public Procurement Policy for MSEs, Central Ministries, Departments and Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) are required to procure 25% of their annual procurement from MSEs.
  • Within this target, 4% of total annual procurement is earmarked for SC/ST-owned MSEs.

3. Special Marketing Assistance Scheme

  • Supports eligible enterprises in accessing domestic and international markets.
  • Registered enterprises may participate in up to 4 domestic and 2 international events per financial year.
  • International exhibition assistance: Micro enterprises up to ₹3 lakh, Small enterprises up to ₹2.5 lakh., Medium enterprises up to ₹1.5 lakh.
  • Enterprises must be registered on the Udyam Registration Portal and the MSME Data Bank, as applicable under the scheme.

4. Bank Loan Processing Reimbursement Scheme

  • Reduces the cost of accessing institutional finance.
  • Reimburses 80% of eligible loan processing fees or ₹1 lakh, whichever is lower.
  • Covers eligible loans from Scheduled Commercial Banks, Non-Banking Financial Companies and State Finance Corporations.

5. Testing Fee Reimbursement Scheme

  • Helps enterprises meet product-testing, licensing and certification costs, including eligible charges associated with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
  • Reimburses 80% of eligible testing fees or ₹1 lakh, whichever is lower.

6. Export Promotion Council Membership Reimbursement Scheme

  • Encourages participation in export markets through membership of eligible Export Promotion Councils.
  • Reimburses 80% of eligible membership charges or ₹20,000, whichever is lower.

7. Capacity Building Management Fee Reimbursement Scheme

  • Supports capacity-building programmes lasting 1–30 days for SC/ST entrepreneurs and their wards.
  • Up to two courses may be supported annually.
  • Assistance covers 90% of eligible course fees or ₹1 lakh, whichever is lower, per financial year.

8. Membership Fee Support for Government-Promoted E-Commerce Portals

  • Helps SC/ST-owned MSEs access digital marketplaces and broaden their customer base.
  • Eligible platforms include Government e-Marketplace, e-Khadi, TRIFED, Tribes India and MSME Mart.
  • Reimburses 80% of eligible membership fees or ₹25,000, whichever is lower.

 

Bamboo Sector in India

Why in News?

India’s bamboo sector is expanding beyond traditional handicrafts into engineered construction materials, food processing and contemporary design products. The 2017 amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, which removed bamboo grown in non-forest areas from the definition of “tree”, helped ease regulatory barriers to its cultivation, harvesting and transportation.


Key Facts about Bamboo in India

  • Bamboo-bearing area: Approximately 1.55 lakh sq. km, according to the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023.
  • Species diversity: 136 species, comprising 125 indigenous and 11 exotic species.
  • Leading States: Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra and Odisha.
  • Industry value: The bamboo and rattan industry is valued at approximately ₹28,005 crore.
  • National Bamboo Mission (NBM): A Centrally Sponsored Scheme under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, aimed at developing the entire bamboo value chain, from planting material and cultivation to processing and marketing.

Legal Framework and Community Rights

1. Indian Forest (Amendment) Act, 2017

  • Removed bamboo grown in non-forest areas from the definition of “tree” under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.
  • Impact: Felling and transportation of bamboo grown outside forest areas no longer require the permits applicable under the Act to trees.
  • Bamboo growing in forest areas continues to be regulated under the applicable forest laws and rules.

2. Forest Rights Act, 2006

  • Recognises the rights of eligible forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers over minor forest produce.
  • Bamboo is included within the framework of minor forest produce, enabling eligible communities to collect, use and dispose of it in accordance with the Act and applicable rules.
  • Significance: Strengthens community livelihoods and supports local control over forest-based resources.

Government Initiatives for the Bamboo Sector

1. Cultivation and Value-Chain Development

National Bamboo Mission (NBM)

  • Supports the development of nurseries, quality planting material, bamboo plantations on non-forest land, treatment facilities and marketing infrastructure.
  • Seeks to improve the availability of quality bamboo for industry and strengthen links between growers, processors and markets.

2. Technology and Skill Development

North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach (NECTAR)

  • Promotes the application and commercialisation of technologies related to bamboo.
  • Supports areas such as construction materials, food processing, machinery and renewable energy.

Bamboo and Cane Development Institute, Agartala

  • Supports skill development and training for bamboo and cane artisans.
  • The supplied material identifies it as a zero-waste centre of excellence associated with NECTAR.

3. Trade and Market Protection

  • Customs duty on bamboo sticks: A 25% duty on imported round bamboo sticks is intended to protect domestic stick-making units from import competition.
  • Import policy for raw agarbatti: Imports of raw incense sticks are placed in the restricted category and permitted subject to licensing requirements, supporting domestic manufacturers.
  • Export policy for bamboo charcoal: Export of charcoal made from legally sourced bamboo provides a potential market for bamboo-processing waste and supports resource efficiency.

4. Transportation and Transit

National Transit Pass System (NTPS)

  • Facilitates the issuance of QR-coded transit permits for timber, bamboo and other covered forest produce.
  • Operates under the “One Nation, One Pass” framework to streamline transit documentation and reduce procedural barriers, subject to applicable rules.

5. Enterprise Development and Marketing

Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)

  • Organises traditional artisans into clusters and supports common facility centres.
  • Provides access to shared infrastructure and machinery to improve productivity, product quality and market competitiveness.

SARAS Aajeevika Mela

  • Provides marketing opportunities for products made by rural women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs), including bamboo handicrafts.
  • Operates in the broader livelihood-promotion framework of the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).

6. Regional Development

North Eastern Council (NEC)

  • Supports development projects across the North-Eastern States, including initiatives relating to the bamboo sector.
  • The supplied material reports 25 bamboo-sector projects sanctioned in 2025.

7. Land Restoration and Livelihoods

Project BOLD — Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought

  • Implemented through the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).
  • Promotes bamboo plantation on arid and semi-arid land.
  • Objectives: Help combat desertification, restore degraded land, improve environmental resilience and generate livelihood opportunities, including for tribal communities.

 

UNCTAD Trade and Development Report 2026

Why in News?

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) released the Trade and Development Report 2026: The Geoeconomics of Development. The report highlights declining development assistance, mounting financial pressures on developing economies and growing fragmentation of the global trading system.


Key Findings

1. Declining Official Development Assistance (ODA)

  • ODA from major donor countries is projected to fall by 6.9% in 2026, bringing total assistance down to approximately $152 billion, its lowest level since 2014.
  • Reduced aid limits the ability of developing countries to respond to economic shocks and finance infrastructure, industrialisation and essential development programmes.
  • Countries with limited fiscal resources are particularly vulnerable to cuts in external assistance.

2. ODA Below the International Target

  • ODA is projected to represent only 0.23% of the combined Gross National Income (GNI) of donor countries.
  • This remains substantially below the internationally agreed target of 0.7% of GNI for official development assistance.
  • The shortfall widens the gap between development financing needs and available external resources.

3. Changing Geographical Distribution of Aid

  • Between 2020 and 2024, ODA to developing regions across Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania declined.
  • In contrast, assistance directed towards Europe and unspecified recipients increased.
  • This shift raises concerns about the availability and distribution of development finance across low- and middle-income countries.

4. Rising Financial Vulnerability

Developing economies face several interconnected financial pressures:

  • Higher debt-servicing costs: A growing share of public revenue is used to repay debt and interest.
  • Expensive external borrowing: Higher financing costs make it difficult to fund development projects.
  • Volatile capital flows: Sudden changes in investor sentiment can destabilise financial markets and exchange rates.
  • Stronger US dollar: Dollar appreciation can increase the domestic-currency burden of dollar-denominated debt.

These pressures reduce fiscal space for public investment, infrastructure and industrial development.

5. Energy Vulnerability and Geopolitical Risks

  • Disruptions affecting the Strait of Hormuz, a major global energy transit route, and rising oil prices can increase import bills for energy-importing economies.
  • Higher energy costs can fuel domestic inflation and worsen the balance of payments.
  • Countries heavily dependent on imported fuels are particularly exposed to geopolitical disruptions and global price volatility.

6. Fragmentation of Global Trade

  • The growing use of tariffs, subsidies, local-content requirements and technology restrictions is reshaping international trade and global supply chains.
  • Such measures can increase trade costs, restrict technology access and complicate market entry for developing economies.
  • Countries with limited industrial capacity may find it harder to compete in increasingly fragmented global markets.

 

Central Armed Police Forces (General Administration) Act, 2026

Why in News?

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) notified the Central Armed Police Forces (General Administration) Act, 2026, establishing a common legal framework for the service conditions of Group-A General Duty officers in specified Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs). The legislation has drawn criticism from CAPF cadre officers over provisions governing the deputation of Indian Police Service (IPS) officers to senior positions.


Key Provisions and Objectives

  • Common legal framework: Establishes a unified framework governing recruitment, promotion, deputation and other service conditions of Group-A General Duty officers in the specified CAPFs.
  • IPS deputation: Provisions concerning the appointment of IPS officers to senior CAPF positions are a major point of contention.
  • Personnel administration: Seeks to provide a common statutory basis for managing officers’ service matters across the covered forces.

Why Is the Act Controversial?

  • Career progression of cadre officers: CAPF officers argue that extensive deputation of IPS officers to senior posts limits promotion opportunities for officers who build their careers within the forces.
  • The “glass ceiling” concern: Cadre officers contend that restricted access to top leadership positions can create a structural barrier to career advancement.
  • Leadership and expertise debate: The issue raises questions about balancing police-administration experience brought by IPS officers with the operational experience and institutional knowledge of career CAPF officers.

Senior-Level Deputation Provisions

The Act prescribes the following representation of IPS officers on deputation in senior CAPF leadership positions:

Senior position

Provision for IPS officers on deputation

Inspector General (IG)

50% of posts

Additional Director General (ADG)

At least 67% of posts

Special Director General (SDG)

100% of posts

Director General (DG)

100% of posts


Supreme Court Context

  • In May 2025, the Supreme Court directed that IPS deputation to senior CAPF positions should be progressively reduced and called for a cadre review.
  • The new legislation has been challenged by serving CAPF officers, who argue that it conflicts with the Court's earlier directions and affects their opportunities for promotion.
  • The Centre has defended the role of IPS officers by emphasising administrative coordination between the Union Government, CAPFs and State police forces.
  • As of October 2026, the Act's constitutional validity remains subject to judicial proceedings; the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear related matters on 15 October 2026.

CAPFs Covered

  • Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
  • Border Security Force (BSF)
  • Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
  • Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
  • Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)

Key Issues for Governance and Internal Security

  • Career progression: Balancing deputation-based appointments with promotion opportunities for officers belonging to the CAPF cadres.
  • Operational coordination: Ensuring effective coordination between central forces and State police forces.
  • Institutional expertise: Recognising the operational experience of officers who have served within CAPFs throughout their careers.
  • Separation of powers: Examining the relationship between Parliament's power to legislate and the binding effect of judicial decisions.
  • Judicial review: The constitutional validity of the Act and its interaction with earlier Supreme Court directions remain matters for judicial determination.

 

Nobel Prize in Literature 2026 – Anne Carson

Why in News?

The 2026 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Canadian writer Anne Carson by the Swedish Academy on 8 October 2026. She was recognised for her innovative literary works that engage with classical traditions while creating new forms of contemporary literature.


About Anne Carson

  • Nationality: Canadian.
  • Profession: Poet, essayist, translator and classical scholar.
  • Distinction: She became the second Canadian woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, after Alice Munro (2013), and the 19th woman laureate in the category.
  • Literary style: Her work blends poetry, prose, translation and classical Greek literature, often challenging conventional genre boundaries.

Work

Year

Genre / Significance

Eros the Bittersweet

1986

Essay exploring love and desire through classical literature

Glass, Irony and God

1995

Poetry collection

Autobiography of Red

1998

Novel in verse inspired by Greek mythology

The Beauty of the Husband

2001

Book-length narrative poem

Nox

2010

Experimental elegiac work combining text and visual material

Red Doc>

2013

Verse novel and companion to Autobiography of Red


Other Major Awards

  • T. S. Eliot Prize (2001): Became the first woman to receive the award.
  • Griffin Poetry Prize: Won in 2001 and 2014.
  • Princess of Asturias Award for Literature: Received in 2020.

About the Nobel Prize in Literature

  • Established: The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901, following Alfred Nobel’s will of 1895.
  • Awarding body: The Swedish Academy, an 18-member institution.
  • Original Nobel categories: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. The Economics Prize was established separately in 1968.
  • First laureate: French poet Sully Prudhomme received the inaugural Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901.
  • First non-European laureate: Rabindranath Tagore of India, awarded the prize in 1913 for Gitanjali and other works.
  • First woman laureate: Selma Lagerlöf of Sweden, in 1909.
  • First Asian woman laureate: Han Kang of South Korea, in 2024.

 

Nobel Peace Prize 2026 – Navanethem “Navi” Pillay

Why in News?

The 2026 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Navanethem “Navi” Pillay, a South African jurist of Indian Tamil origin, on 9 October 2026. The Norwegian Nobel Committee recognised her contributions to promoting peace, strengthening international law and advancing accountability for serious international crimes.


About Navi Pillay

  • Full name: Navanethem Pillay.
  • Nationality: South African.
  • Year of birth: 1941.
  • Background: Born in Durban, South Africa, into a family of Indian Tamil origin during apartheid era.
  • Profession: Lawyer, jurist and international human rights advocate.
  • Core contribution: Promoting the rule of law and accountability for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.

Major Contributions

1. Fight Against Apartheid

  • Began her legal career challenging racial discrimination and segregation in South Africa.
  • Defended anti-apartheid activists, including Nelson Mandela and others who opposed the apartheid system.
  • Became the first non-white woman appointed to South Africa’s High Court in 1995.

2. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

  • Served as a judge from 1995 and became President of the Tribunal in 1999, serving until 2003.
  • Played an important role in the landmark Prosecutor v. Akayesu case.
  • The case established significant precedents recognising that rape and sexual violence can constitute crimes against humanity and, under specific circumstances, acts of genocide.

3. International Criminal Court (ICC)

  • Served as a judge at the ICC from 2003 to 2008.
  • Contributed to the development of international criminal jurisprudence and the principle that individuals can be held accountable for serious international crimes.

4. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

  • Held the position from 2008 to 2014.
  • Led the UN’s human rights work, including efforts to promote fundamental freedoms, investigate violations and strengthen international human rights protections.

5. Work on International Accountability

  • Chaired the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, from 2021 to 2025.
  • Has also served as an ad hoc judge at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the case brought by The Gambia against Myanmar under the Genocide Convention.

About the Nobel Peace Prize

  • Origin: One of the five original Nobel Prizes established under Alfred Nobel’s will of 1895.
  • First awarded: 1901.
  • Awarding body: Norwegian Nobel Committee, whose members are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament.
  • Purpose: Recognises contributions to peace, international cooperation and efforts to reduce conflict, consistent with the criteria in Alfred Nobel’s will.
  • Award components: A medal, diploma and monetary award.
  • Prize money in 2026: 12 million Swedish kronor (SEK).

 

Living Planet Report 2026

Why in News?

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) released the Living Planet Report 2026, highlighting a substantial decline in monitored global wildlife populations over the period covered by the report.


About the Living Planet Report

  • Publisher: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
  • Frequency: Biennial (once every two years).
  • First published: 1998.
  • Purpose: Tracks trends in wildlife populations and assesses the broader health of the planet.
  • Key indicator: Living Planet Index (LPI), which measures changes in the relative abundance of monitored vertebrate populations over time.
  • Compilation: The LPI is produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), in collaboration with WWF.
  • Coverage: Vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish; it does not directly measure population trends in plants or invertebrates.

Key Findings

1. Global Wildlife Population Trends

  • The report highlights a major decline in the average size of monitored wildlife populations.
  • The reported decline should not be interpreted as 73% of all individual wild animals having disappeared. The LPI measures changes in the relative abundance of monitored populations, not the total number of animals worldwide.
  • Population trends vary considerably: some monitored populations remain stable or increase, while substantial declines in others pull down the overall index.

2. Decline Across Ecosystems

Ecosystem

Reported decline

Freshwater

85%

Terrestrial

69%

Marine

59%

 

3. Regional Trends

Region

Reported decline

Latin America and the Caribbean

95%

Africa

80%

Asia-Pacific

49%

 

4. Major Threats to Wildlife

  • Agricultural expansion: Habitat destruction, fragmentation and degradation.
  • Overexploitation: Unsustainable hunting, fishing and harvesting.
  • Climate change: Altered habitats, temperature shifts and extreme weather events.
  • Pollution: Contamination of land, freshwater and marine environments.
  • Invasive alien species: Competition with, or predation on, native species.
  • Disease: Outbreaks that affect wildlife populations.

India-Specific Findings

  • Wild tigers: India’s tiger population was estimated at 3,682 in the 2022 assessment.
  • Asiatic lions: The population reached 891 in the 2025 estimate.
  • Species showing recovery: Greater one-horned rhinoceroses, Asiatic lions and green turtles were highlighted in the supplied material as examples of conservation progress.

Ganges River Dolphin

  • India’s first range-wide survey under Project Dolphin, conducted during 2021–2023, estimated 6,324 Ganges river dolphins.
  • The dolphins were recorded across 28 rivers in eight States.
  • The survey provides a baseline for monitoring the species and strengthening riverine conservation measures.

About WWF

  • Established: 1961.
  • Originally named: World Wildlife Fund; the organisation is now widely known internationally as the World Wide Fund for Nature.
  • Headquarters: Gland, Switzerland.
  • Nature: International non-governmental organisation working on nature conservation and reducing threats to biodiversity.

 

Nameri Tiger Reserve, Assam

Why in News?

Nameri Tiger Reserve in Assam received Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS) Approved status after meeting the prescribed standards for tiger conservation and protected-area management.


About Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS)

  • Nature: A voluntary accreditation system that establishes minimum standards for the effective management of tiger conservation areas.
  • Launch: 2013.
  • Purpose: To assess and improve the management effectiveness of tiger habitats and promote consistent conservation practices across tiger-range countries.
  • India’s implementing agency: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
  • Secretariat: The supplied material identifies the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) as the secretariat since 2025.

Assessment Mechanism

  • A registered site undertakes a self-assessment against the prescribed standards.
  • A national committee evaluates the assessment and conducts the relevant review or audit.
  • The CA|TS International Executive Committee determines whether the site qualifies for Approved status.
  • The framework contains 17 elements organised under seven pillars.
  • Seven Pillars of CA|TS: Importance and status, Management, Community, Tourism (optional pillar), Protection, Habitat management, Tiger populations

CA|TS Recognition in India

  • India accounts for 27 of the 36 CA|TS Approved sites worldwide, according to the supplied material.
  • All four tiger reserves in Assam are listed as Approved sites: Kaziranga, Manas, Orang, Nameri

About Nameri Tiger Reserve

  • State: Assam.
  • Regional setting: Eastern Himalayan foothills.
  • Tiger-reserve status: Assam’s second tiger reserve after Manas.
  • Landscape: Located within the Sonitpur Elephant Reserve.
  • Northern boundary: Shares a boundary with Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh.

Rivers

  • Jia Bhoroli: A major river flowing along the reserve’s boundary.
  • Known as the Kameng in Arunachal Pradesh, it is part of the Brahmaputra river system.
  • Its waters support the golden mahseer, an important freshwater fish species.

 

JOSH (Joint Squad for Health) Initiative

Why in News?

The Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare launched the JOSH (Joint Squad for Health) Initiative under the TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan to strengthen community participation and grassroots outreach in India's efforts to eliminate tuberculosis (TB).


About the JOSH Initiative

  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
  • Collaborating institutions: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and Ministry of Defence, with the participation of the Government of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.
  • Objective: To strengthen the community-level implementation of TB elimination activities through regular outreach, field visits and public awareness.
  • Approach: Promotes Jan Bhagidari (people's participation) by bringing together volunteers, cadets, healthcare personnel, local institutions and communities.

Key Features

  • Team composition: Each JOSH Team consists of:
    - Five MY Bharat Volunteers.
    - Five National Cadet Corps (NCC) cadets.
  • Leadership: Teams function under the guidance of a designated Class-I officer at the block or ward level.
  • Community engagement: Involves government functionaries, health workers, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and local communities.
  • Initial coverage: The first phase covers 55 districts across 11 States and Union Territories.
  • Expected role: Strengthen awareness, facilitate community outreach and support grassroots implementation of TB elimination activities.

Tuberculosis (TB) in India: Key Indicators

  • Declining incidence: India's TB incidence reportedly declined by 21%, compared with a 12% global decline, according to the figures supplied in the source material.
  • Treatment coverage: India's TB treatment coverage reached 92%, compared with the global figure of 78%.
  • Community-level achievement: A total of 67,933 Panchayats across 697 districts were recognised as TB Mukt in 2026, according to the supplied figures.
  • Global target: The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to end the global TB epidemic by 2030 under the Sustainable Development Goals framework.

 

Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

Why in News?

India’s External Affairs Minister held discussions with Côte d’Ivoire’s Vice Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister in Abidjan to strengthen bilateral cooperation in defence, counter-terrorism and trade.


Key Facts about Côte d’Ivoire

  • Location: West Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea.
  • Capital: Yamoussoukro.
  • Economic capital: Abidjan, the country’s major commercial and port city.
  • Independence: Gained independence from France in 1960.
  • Coastline: Approximately 515 km along the Gulf of Guinea.

R21/Matrix-M Malaria Vaccine

  • Côte d’Ivoire introduced the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine into its childhood immunisation programme in 2024.
  • Development: Developed by the University of Oxford.
  • Manufacturing: Serum Institute of India.
  • Adjuvant: Matrix-M, which helps strengthen the immune response.
  • The vaccine is intended to help prevent malaria in children in regions where the disease is prevalent.

 

World Cotton Day 2026

Why in News?

India and Mali commemorated World Cotton Day 2026 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York under the theme “Cotton for Sustainability: Livelihoods, Value Addition and Partnership.”


Key Facts

  • Observed on: 7 October every year.
  • First celebration: Held in Geneva in 2019, at the initiative of the Cotton-4 (C-4) countries.
  • Cotton-4 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali.
  • UN recognition: The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed World Cotton Day as an international observance through Resolution 75/318 in 2021.

 

All Set with 12 October Current Affairs? Let’s Quiz!

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Why is 12 October 2026 Current Affairs Important for You?

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