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17 October 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs covers all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exam.

10 Years of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol

Why in News?

Adopted in Kigali, Rwanda, on 15 October 2016, the Kigali Amendment completed 10 years in October 2026. It strengthens global climate action by requiring a gradual reduction in the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), powerful greenhouse gases widely used in cooling equipment.

What Is the Kigali Amendment?

Nature: A legally binding amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
Adopted: 15 October 2016, in Kigali, Rwanda.
Entered into Force: 1 January 2019.
Objective: Phase down HFC production and consumption to limit global warming.
Background: Proposals to bring HFCs under the Montreal Protocol included initiatives by the Federated States of Micronesia and Mauritius in 2009.

What Are Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)?

HFCs are synthetic chemicals used mainly as refrigerants in air conditioners, refrigerators and other cooling systems.
Unlike chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), HFCs do not directly deplete the ozone layer.
However, many HFCs have a high Global Warming Potential (GWP), making them potent greenhouse gases.

Key Provisions

Phasedown schedules: Parties must progressively reduce HFC production and consumption, measured in carbon dioxide-equivalent terms.
Differentiated timelines: Developing countries receive longer compliance schedules than developed countries.
Trade controls: Parties are required to establish licensing systems for HFC imports and exports. Restrictions on trade with non-Parties are scheduled to apply from 2033, subject to the Protocol's provisions.
Climate benefits: Full implementation is projected to avoid approximately 0.3–0.5°C of global warming by 2100, according to commonly cited estimates.

India’s Compliance Roadmap

India ratified the Kigali Amendment in 2021 and follows the phasedown schedule applicable to its country group.
Baseline: India's baseline is calculated using the average HFC production and consumption levels for 2024–2026, plus 65% of the relevant average HCFC-22 levels for 2009–2010, as specified under the applicable rules.
For comparison, developed countries have an earlier phasedown schedule, with an 85% reduction target by 2036.

Milestone	Requirement
2028	Freeze HFC production and consumption at the applicable baseline
2032	Reduce by 10% from the baseline
2037	Reduce by 20%
2042	Reduce by 30%
2047	Reduce by 85%

Supporting Measures in India

Regulatory controls: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has prescribed controls on the creation of new HFC production capacity for controlled uses under the applicable regulatory framework.
India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP), 2019: Sets targets to reduce refrigerant demand by 25–30% and cooling energy requirements by 25–40% by 2037–38.
Energy efficiency: Improving appliance efficiency can reduce electricity consumption alongside refrigerant-related emissions.

Global Achievements of the Montreal Protocol

Ozone-layer protection: The Montreal Protocol has enabled the phase-out of nearly 99% of controlled ozone-depleting substances, contributing to the gradual recovery of the ozone layer.
Predictable transition: Legally defined phase-out and phasedown schedules give industries time to develop and adopt alternatives.
Multilateral Fund: Established in 1991, it finances eligible incremental compliance costs for developing countries, supporting technology transfer and capacity-building.
Climate co-benefits: Phasing down HFCs complements ozone protection by reducing emissions of powerful greenhouse gases.

Emerging Challenges

Incomplete participation: Not all Montreal Protocol Parties have ratified the Kigali Amendment, limiting the reach of its binding HFC phasedown obligations.
Energy-efficiency concerns: Cooling appliances with low-GWP refrigerants may still consume excessive electricity if minimum energy-performance standards are weak.
Refrigerant leakage: HFCs can escape during equipment installation, servicing, operation and disposal, weakening the climate benefits of phasedown measures.
Inefficient appliance imports: Weak efficiency standards may encourage the entry of less-efficient cooling equipment, increasing electricity demand and consumer costs.
Technology and finance: Switching manufacturing lines to alternative refrigerants can involve substantial costs, particularly for smaller manufacturers.
Refrigerant safety: Some low-GWP alternatives, including propane (R-290), are flammable and require suitable equipment design, safety standards and technician training.
Rising cooling demand: Urbanisation, higher temperatures and expanding access to air conditioning are increasing demand for affordable and efficient cooling.

Bharat Stage VII (BS-VII) Emission Norms

Why in News?

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) has issued draft amendments to the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, proposing the introduction of Bharat Stage VII (BS-VII) emission standards from 1 April 2029. The proposal expands pollution-control requirements beyond vehicle exhaust to include brake particles, tyre abrasion, battery durability and real-world emissions monitoring.

About BS-VII Norms

Objective: Reduce vehicular pollution and strengthen emission-control standards.
International Alignment: The proposed framework draws on Europe’s Euro 7 standards.
Implementation: Phased introduction, beginning with passenger vehicles in 2029, light commercial vehicles in 2030, and heavy-duty vehicles in 2031.
Coverage: Includes conventional vehicles and, for specified requirements, electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids.
Regulatory Framework: Proposed through amendments to the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.

Major Features of BS-VII

1. Exhaust Emissions and Real-World Testing

The proposal introduces tighter monitoring of vehicle emissions under actual driving conditions, alongside laboratory testing.
The particulate-number measurement threshold is proposed to fall from 23 nanometres (nm) to 10 nm, enabling the measurement of smaller particles.
Real-driving emissions tests and onboard monitoring systems will help assess whether vehicles continue to comply with applicable limits outside laboratory conditions.

2. Brake and Tyre Particles

Brake-wear emissions: The framework extends pollution regulation to particles generated as brake components wear down.
Proposed brake-particle limits: 3 mg/km for pure electric vehicles and 7 mg/km for specified other powertrains under the relevant initial requirements.
Common limit: A 3 mg/km brake-particle mass limit across powertrains is proposed from 2035 for the applicable vehicle categories.
Tyre abrasion: Requirements will address particles released as tyres wear against road surfaces, with implementation phased according to vehicle and tyre categories.

These measures are significant because non-exhaust emissions also contribute to particulate pollution, including from vehicles that do not use internal-combustion engines.

3. Battery Durability

For applicable pure electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the draft proposes minimum battery-performance benchmarks:
The detailed implementation and test requirements are subject to the applicable provisions and technical standards.

Period or distance, whichever comes first	Minimum battery performance
5 years or 1,00,000 km	75%
8 years or 1,60,000 km	67%

4. Environmental Vehicle Passport (EVP)

The proposed Environmental Vehicle Passport will provide vehicle users and regulators with access to relevant environmental and performance information, including:

Fuel consumption and electric-energy consumption.
Traction-battery state of health.
Pollutant emissions recorded by onboard systems.
Relevant monitoring data, with provision for in-vehicle display.

The objective is to improve transparency and enable better monitoring of vehicle performance throughout its service life.

Bharat Stage Emission Standards: Background

Bharat Stage norms regulate permissible emissions from motor vehicles in India.
They are modelled on European emission standards and are prescribed through the Central Motor Vehicles Rules.
India introduced Bharat Stage standards in 2000.
India moved directly from BS-IV to BS-VI in April 2020, skipping BS-V.
BS-VI introduced stricter controls on pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) and other harmful emissions.

Significance of BS-VII

Air quality: Stronger controls can reduce harmful vehicle-related pollution.
Public health: Lower exposure to particulate matter and toxic pollutants can help reduce respiratory and cardiovascular risks.
Electric mobility: Battery-durability provisions extend performance-related requirements to electric vehicles.
Comprehensive pollution control: Regulation of brake and tyre particles addresses sources beyond exhaust pipes.
Accountability: Real-world testing and onboard monitoring can improve compliance verification.
Consumer protection: Battery-health information and environmental disclosures can help buyers assess vehicle performance.

Sukhna Wetland and Sauj Jheel Join India’s Ramsar Sites

Why in News?

India’s Ramsar site network increased to 103 following the designation of Sukhna Wetland in Chandigarh and Sauj Jheel in Uttar Pradesh as Wetlands of International Importance

About the Ramsar Convention

Adopted: 2 February 1971, at Ramsar, Iran.
Objective: Conservation and wise use of wetlands through national action and international cooperation.
International significance: Recognises wetlands important for biodiversity, water regulation and ecosystem services.
Designation: Wetlands are assessed against nine criteria relating to ecological importance, biodiversity and waterbird populations.
World Wetlands Day: Observed on 2 February every year.

Sukhna Wetland

Location: Chandigarh, at the foothills of the Outer Himalayas.
Significance: Chandigarh’s first Ramsar site.
Origin: The reservoir was created in 1958 by damming the seasonal Sukhna Choe stream flowing from the Shivalik Hills, as part of Chandigarh’s planned development.
Ecological role: Helps regulate water and sediment flows from its catchment and supports diverse wetland habitats.
Migratory importance: Provides feeding, breeding, roosting and wintering habitats for resident and migratory waterbirds, including species using the Central Asian Flyway.

Sauj Jheel

Location: Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh.
Significance: Its designation makes Mainpuri the only district in India with two Ramsar sites; the other is Saman Bird Sanctuary.
Type: Shallow freshwater lake surrounded by agricultural land in the Ganga floodplain.
Ecological role: Forms part of a wider wetland network and contributes to ecological connectivity.
Vegetation: Supports aquatic and wetland-associated plants, including sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum).
Birdlife: Supports large waterbird populations and is recognised as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA).

India’s Ramsar Network: Key Facts

Total Ramsar sites: 103 following the October 2026 additions.
First Indian Ramsar sites: Chilika Lake in Odisha and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan, both designated in 1981.
Leading state: Tamil Nadu, with 20 Ramsar sites, according to the figures supplied.
Regional standing: India has the largest Ramsar-site network in Asia and the third-largest globally, as reported in the supplied material.

Oman Emerges as India’s Top LNG Supplier

Why in News?

Oman has reportedly overtaken the United States to become India’s leading supplier of liquefied natural gas (LNG) amid disruptions linked to the West Asia conflict and stronger European competition for American LNG cargoes. The shift highlights the importance of supply diversification for India’s energy security.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

1. Definition

LNG is natural gas, composed primarily of methane, that is cooled to approximately −162°C to convert it into liquid form.

2. Volume Reduction

Liquefaction reduces natural gas volume by approximately 600 times, making storage and long-distance transportation more efficient.

3. Transportation

LNG is carried in specialised cryogenic tankers that maintain extremely low temperatures.

4. Regasification

At import terminals, LNG is warmed and converted back into gaseous natural gas before distribution.

5. Physical Properties

Colourless and odourless in its pure form.
Non-toxic, although released gas can displace oxygen and create an asphyxiation hazard.
Non-corrosive under normal handling conditions.
Not flammable as a liquid in the LNG storage state, but the vapour produced during warming can ignite when mixed with air within its flammable range.

Major Uses of Natural Gas

Fertiliser industry: Used as a feedstock for ammonia and urea production.
Power generation: Used in gas-based power plants.
Industrial manufacturing: Supplies heat and energy to industries such as ceramics, glass and petrochemicals.
City Gas Distribution (CGD): Supports piped natural gas (PNG) for households and compressed natural gas (CNG) for vehicles.
Transport and shipping: Can be used as a fuel in certain heavy-duty vehicles and vessels.

Environmental Significance

Lower emissions than coal: Natural gas generally produces less carbon dioxide per unit of electricity generated than coal-fired power, although actual benefits depend on plant efficiency.
Industrial transition: Can replace more carbon-intensive fuels in selected industrial applications.
Methane leakage concerns: Methane is a potent greenhouse gas; leakage during production, processing and transportation can reduce LNG’s climate advantage.
Not a zero-carbon fuel: LNG combustion releases carbon dioxide, so its climate benefits depend on the fuel displaced and emissions across the supply chain.

Significance for India

Energy security: Diversifying LNG suppliers can reduce dependence on individual countries and vulnerable shipping routes.
Supply-chain resilience: Disruptions in West Asia can affect shipping, prices and delivery schedules.
Industrial stability: Reliable LNG supplies support fertiliser production, electricity generation and industrial activity.
Price exposure: Competition among importing regions can increase the cost of LNG cargoes and affect domestic energy prices.
Strategic partnerships: Stronger energy ties with Oman can support India’s broader engagement with the Gulf region.

Principal Purpose Test (PPT) in the India–Mauritius Tax Treaty

Why in News?

The Central Government has amended the India–Mauritius Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) to introduce the Principal Purpose Test (PPT), strengthening safeguards against treaty abuse and tax avoidance.
The revised preamble seeks to eliminate double taxation without creating opportunities for non-taxation or reduced taxation through tax evasion or avoidance, including treaty shopping.

What Is the Principal Purpose Test (PPT)?

1. Definition

PPT is an anti-abuse provision that allows tax authorities to deny a tax treaty benefit when obtaining that benefit was one of the principal purposes of an arrangement or transaction.

2. Objective

Prevent taxpayers from exploiting treaty provisions primarily to obtain unintended tax advantages.

3. Not the sole-purpose test

Obtaining a tax benefit need not be the only purpose; it is sufficient for it to be one of the principal purposes, subject to the treaty’s conditions.

4. Exception

A treaty benefit may still be available if granting it is consistent with the object and purpose of the relevant treaty provisions.

5. Example

Treaty Shopping

A company resident in a third country routes an investment through Mauritius mainly to claim a tax benefit under the India–Mauritius treaty that would not otherwise be available.
If the arrangement satisfies the PPT conditions, the benefit may be denied.

International Background

OECD/G20 BEPS Project: The Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative seeks to prevent multinational enterprises from exploiting gaps and mismatches in international tax rules.
BEPS Action 6: Addresses the prevention of tax-treaty abuse, including treaty shopping.
Multilateral Instrument (MLI): A multilateral treaty framework that enables participating jurisdictions to modify existing bilateral tax treaties to implement certain BEPS measures, including treaty-abuse safeguards.

Grandfathering of Investments

Grandfathering date: 1 April 2017.
Meaning: Certain investments in shares acquired before this date retain specified protections under the India–Mauritius tax treaty.
CBDT clarification: The supplied information states that the PPT applies prospectively and that capital gains from grandfathered shares acquired before 1 April 2017 are excluded from its scope.
Significance: This provides greater certainty for qualifying legacy investments while strengthening anti-abuse scrutiny for arrangements covered by the revised provisions.

The precise application of grandfathering depends on the applicable treaty text, amendment provisions and official tax clarifications.

Significance of the Amendment

Combats tax avoidance: Restricts arrangements designed principally to secure unintended treaty benefits.
Improves tax fairness: Helps protect the domestic tax base from artificial investment-routing structures.
Promotes treaty integrity: Ensures that treaty benefits are used consistently with their intended purpose.
Balances certainty and enforcement: Grandfathering provisions can protect qualifying legacy investments while allowing scrutiny of newer arrangements.
Supports international cooperation: Aligns India’s treaty-abuse safeguards with broader international tax-policy initiatives.

BIMSTEC Home Ministers’ Meeting

Why in News?

1st Meeting of BIMSTEC Home Ministers was held in New Delhi and adopted Delhi Declaration, strengthening regional cooperation against terrorism, transnational organised crime, human trafficking, illicit drug trafficking.

About BIMSTEC

Full Form: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.
Established: 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration.
Secretariat: Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Membership: Seven countries — Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Regional Significance: Connects South Asia with Southeast Asia and promotes cooperation across the Bay of Bengal region.
Background: The Fourth BIMSTEC Summit, held in Kathmandu in 2018, called for Home Ministers’ meetings to strengthen cooperation against terrorism and transnational crime.

Key Provisions of the Delhi Declaration

1. Counter-Terrorism

Condemns all forms of terrorism, including cross-border terrorism.
Calls for effective implementation of relevant United Nations Security Council sanctions and counter-terrorism measures.
Emphasises stronger regional cooperation to address emerging security threats.

2. Combating Terror Financing and Radicalisation

Strengthens cooperation against terrorist recruitment, radicalisation and the financing of terrorism.
Supports implementation of internationally agreed standards on anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing.
Encourages information-sharing and coordinated action against networks supporting terrorism.

3. Implementation of Existing BIMSTEC Conventions

Convention on Cooperation in Combating International Terrorism, Transnational Organised Crime and Illicit Drug Trafficking: In force since March 2021, according to the supplied material.
Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters: Signed in Colombo in 2022, facilitating cooperation between member states in criminal investigations and legal proceedings.

4. Finalisation of Proposed Legal Instruments

Convention on Extradition, Convention on Transfer of Sentenced Persons, Convention on Trafficking in Persons.
It also seeks a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for trafficking victims, covering rescue, repatriation and reintegration.

5. Implementation of Regional Action Plans

The meeting called for implementation of agreed action plans relating to Human trafficking., Narcotic drugs and precursor chemicals, Anti-money laundering.

Significance for India

Regional security: Strengthens cooperation against terrorism and organised crime in India’s neighbourhood.
Border management: Facilitates coordination against cross-border criminal networks.
Human trafficking: Promotes victim protection and cooperation in repatriation and rehabilitation.
Drug control: Supports action against illicit drug trafficking and precursor chemicals.
Legal cooperation: Improves prospects for extradition, mutual legal assistance and coordinated criminal investigations.
Neighbourhood diplomacy: Reinforces India’s engagement with South and Southeast Asian countries through BIMSTEC.

UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Why in News?

India has rejected an “unsubstantiated reference” to the country in a report by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, bringing attention to the UN’s independent human rights monitoring mechanisms and international standards on Indigenous rights.

Special Rapporteur

1. Nature

An independent human rights expert mandated to examine and report on issues concerning the rights of Indigenous Peoples worldwide.

2. Appointment

Appointed by the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC).

3. Mandate Established

2001 by the former UN Commission on Human Rights.

4. Institutional Framework

Operates under the Human Rights Council’s Special Procedures system.

5. Key Functions

Monitoring: Examines allegations of violations affecting Indigenous Peoples.
Government Communications: Sends communications to governments regarding alleged violations and seeks information or action.
Country Visits: Undertakes visits, subject to the relevant arrangements, to assess the situation of Indigenous Peoples.
Reporting: Submits thematic studies and country-visit reports to the Human Rights Council and, where appropriate, the UN General Assembly.
Recommendations: Advises governments and other stakeholders on protecting Indigenous rights.

6. Institutional Status

Special Rapporteurs serve in their individual capacity and are independent of governments.
They are not UN staff members and do not function as representatives of their countries.
Their findings and recommendations do not, by themselves, constitute legally binding judicial decisions.

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

1. Adopted

13 September 2007.

2. Adopting Body

United Nations General Assembly.

3. Objective

Establishes international standards for protecting the individual and collective rights of Indigenous Peoples.

4. Legal Status

A non-binding declaration, although some of its principles may reflect obligations arising from other sources of international law.

5. Key Rights Recognised

Self-determination: Indigenous Peoples can determine their political status and pursue their economic, social and cultural development.
Cultural identity: Protection of languages, traditions, institutions and cultural heritage.
Land and resources: Recognition of rights relating to traditionally owned, occupied or used lands, territories and resources.
Participation: Involvement in decision-making on matters affecting their rights.
Non-discrimination: Protection against discrimination and forced assimilation.
Education and development: Rights relating to education, health, livelihoods and the preservation of cultural identity.

6. Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)

UNDRIP emphasises consultation and cooperation with Indigenous Peoples, with the objective of obtaining their free, prior and informed consent in circumstances specified by the declaration.

Free: Without coercion, intimidation or manipulation.
Prior: Consultation occurs sufficiently before a proposed measure or project is authorised or implemented.
Informed: Communities receive relevant information in an accessible manner.
Consent: Indigenous Peoples can express their decisions through their own representative institutions and processes.

FPIC is particularly relevant to legislative or administrative measures and projects affecting Indigenous lands, territories and resources.

Significance

Human rights accountability: Provides an international mechanism to highlight alleged violations and encourage corrective action.
Protection of vulnerable communities: Draws attention to land dispossession, discrimination, cultural erosion and exclusion from decision-making.
International standards: UNDRIP offers a common framework for governments, Indigenous communities and civil society.
Dialogue and cooperation: Special Rapporteur communications can encourage governments to clarify allegations and improve rights protections.

Supreme Court Strengthens Safeguards Against Re-Arrest

Why in News?

In Jaskaran Jeet Singh Deol v. State of Punjab (2026), the Supreme Court prescribed safeguards governing re-arrest after an arrest is held illegal because the accused was not provided with written grounds of arrest. The directions reinforce constitutional protections against arbitrary arrest and detention.

Key Directions on Re-Arrest

1. Prior Judicial Permission

Police must obtain prior permission from a magistrate before re-arresting the person in the circumstances covered by the ruling. The magistrate must examine the reasons for the initial violation and whether renewed custody is necessary.

2. Written Grounds and Custody Application

The investigating agency must provide written grounds of arrest and submit a reasoned application explaining:

Why re-arrest is necessary.
Why the original arrest safeguards were not followed.
What corrective steps have been taken.
The endorsement or assessment of the appropriate superior police officer.

3. Departmental Accountability

Superior authorities must initiate departmental proceedings against police officers responsible for lapses involving constitutional arrest safeguards, as directed by the Court.

4. Compensation

High Courts may grant compensation under Article 226 as a public law remedy where detention violates constitutional rights.

Constitutional Provisions Involved

1. Article 22

Protection Against Arrest and Detention

2. Article 22

Provides important safeguards to persons arrested under ordinary criminal law:

The arrested person must be informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds of arrest.
The person has the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of their choice.
The arrested person must ordinarily be produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of arrest, excluding necessary journey time.
Continued detention beyond this period requires the authority of a magistrate, subject to constitutional exceptions.

3. Article 21

Protection of Life and Personal Liberty

No person may be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
Arrest and detention procedures must comply with constitutional requirements and safeguards against arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

4. Article 226

Writ Jurisdiction of High Courts

High Courts can issue writs to enforce fundamental rights and for other specified legal purposes.
This jurisdiction can support public law compensation in appropriate cases involving unlawful detention or violations of fundamental rights.

Significance of the Ruling

Prevents arbitrary re-arrest: A defective arrest cannot simply be repeated without scrutiny where the Court’s safeguards apply.
Strengthens judicial oversight: Requires independent consideration of the need for renewed custody.
Promotes police accountability: Departmental proceedings can discourage repeated violations of constitutional protections.
Provides remedies: Compensation may offer relief for unlawful detention.
Upholds personal liberty: Reinforces the principle that investigative powers must operate within constitutional limits.

JWALA: India’s First Private-Sector Micro-Missile

Why in News?

India’s indigenously developed private-sector micro-missile, JWALA, is reportedly being prepared for its maiden experimental trial. The system is designed to strengthen India’s counter-drone capabilities through an affordable interceptor developed by the domestic private defence industry.

About JWALA

Developer: IG Defence, an Indian private-sector defence technology company.
Type: Short-range, surface-to-air micro-missile.
Primary Role: Counter-Unmanned Aerial System (Counter-UAS) operations.
Operational Concept: Designed as a hard-kill interceptor to physically destroy hostile drones and other aerial threats.
Strike Range: Approximately 2–5 km.
Engagement Altitude: Reportedly 50 metres to 5,000 metres.
Propulsion: Dual-pulse solid rocket motor.
Control System: Fin-based control to improve manoeuvrability.
Warhead: Reportedly a 0.5–1.5 kg pre-fragmented high-explosive payload with a proximity fuze.
Network Integration: Associated with the GRID Defend ecosystem, an AI-enabled battle-management network intended to connect sensors, command systems and interceptors.

One-Liners

1. World Food Day 2026

Observed on 16 October by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to mark its founding in 1945 and raise awareness about hunger, poverty and malnutrition.
Theme: “Innovate Today, Nourish Tomorrow.”

2. Mahila Kisan Diwas 2026

Observed on 15 October in India to recognise the contribution of women farmers to agriculture and rural development.
Theme: “Role of Women Farmers in Building Developed Agriculture and a Developed India.”

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