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2 November 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs covers all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exam.

Israel’s Electoral System: A Comparison with India

Why in News?

The elections to Israel’s 26th Knesset (Parliament) have brought renewed attention to the country’s proportional representation (PR) electoral system, coalition-based politics and the process of government formation. These features also provide an opportunity to compare Israel’s electoral framework with India’s First-Past-the-Post system.

Political System in Israel

Form of Government: Israel follows a parliamentary democracy in which the executive is accountable to the legislature.
Legislature: The Israeli Parliament, known as the Knesset, is unicameral and consists of 120 members.
Tenure: Members are elected for a term of four years, unless the Knesset is dissolved earlier.
Executive: The Prime Minister heads the government and must retain the confidence of the Knesset.

Electoral System in Israel

Israel follows a party-list proportional representation system, under which parliamentary representation is broadly determined by the share of votes secured by political parties.

Single National Constituency: The entire country constitutes a single electoral constituency, instead of being divided into territorial parliamentary constituencies.
Party-List Voting: Voters cast their votes for a political party or electoral list rather than directly electing individual candidates.
Electoral Threshold: A political party must secure at least 3.25% of the valid national votes to qualify for representation in the Knesset.
Seat Allocation: The 120 parliamentary seats are distributed among parties that cross the electoral threshold, broadly in proportion to their electoral performance.
Election Administration: Elections are supervised by Israel’s Central Elections Committee (CEC).

Government Formation in Israel

Israel generally has coalition governments because individual political parties have historically found it difficult to secure an outright majority in the Knesset.

Presidential Consultations: After the elections, the President consults political parties to identify a candidate who is most likely to form a government.
Selection of Candidate: The President assigns the responsibility of forming the government to a Knesset member considered capable of securing sufficient parliamentary support.
Time Limit: The designated candidate receives 28 days to form the government, with a possible extension of 14 days.
Majority Requirement: A coalition generally seeks the support of at least 61 members in the 120-member Knesset to command a majority.

India and Israel: Similarities in Political Systems

Parliamentary Democracy: Both India and Israel follow the parliamentary form of government.
Prime Minister: The Prime Minister is the head of government, while the President serves as the head of state.
Legislative Confidence: The government must retain the confidence of the elected legislature to remain in office.
Election Administration: Both countries have designated electoral authorities to supervise elections:
- Israel: Central Elections Committee (CEC).
- India: Election Commission of India (ECI).

Feature	Israel	India
Legislature	Unicameral Parliament (Knesset)	Bicameral Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)
Electoral System	Party-list Proportional Representation (PR)	First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) for Lok Sabha elections
Total Seats	120 members in the Knesset	543 elected members in the Lok Sabha
Constituencies	Entire country constitutes one national constituency	Country is divided into 543 territorial parliamentary constituencies
Voting	Voters choose a political party or electoral list	Voters elect an individual candidate from their constituency
Seat Allocation	Seats are distributed among qualifying parties broadly according to their national vote share	The candidate securing the highest number of votes in a constituency wins the seat
Electoral Threshold	Minimum 3.25% of valid national votes required for representation	No nationwide vote-share threshold for winning a Lok Sabha seat
Parliamentary Tenure	Four years, unless dissolved earlier	Five years for the Lok Sabha, unless dissolved earlier

ARISE Cities Forum 2026

Why in News?

The second edition of the ARISE Cities Forum 2026, held in New Delhi, adopted the Delhi Declaration to strengthen the contribution of cities and local governments towards global climate goals ahead of the 31st Conference of the Parties (COP31) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

About ARISE Cities Forum

Full Form: Adaptive, Resilient, Innovative, Sustainable and Equitable Cities Forum.
Nature: A flagship resilience platform for cities and local governments in the Global South to promote urban climate action.
Objective: To strengthen urban resilience and advance inclusive and sustainable approaches to addressing climate challenges.
Organisers: ICLEI South Asia and National Institute of Urban Affairs.
Support: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).

About ICLEI

Full Name: Local Governments for Sustainability.
Nature: A global network of more than 2,500 local and regional governments.
Established: 1990, at the United Nations in New York.
Headquarters: Bonn, Germany.

Key Outcomes of the Forum

A. Delhi Declaration on Local Action for Global Climate Goals

The declaration establishes 10 commitments for cities in the Global South to strengthen local contributions towards global climate objectives.
Key priorities include:
- Reaffirming efforts to return to the 1.5°C pathway.
- Strengthening multilevel climate finance.
- Enhancing the role of local governments in climate action.
Nature: The declaration is a voluntary political commitment and is not a legally binding treaty.
Alignment with the Triple COP in 2026: The declaration seeks to align urban climate action with the three major Rio Conventions and their global agendas:

Global Agenda	Convention	2026 Conference
Climate Change	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)	COP31
Biodiversity Conservation	Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)	COP17
Combating Desertification and Land Degradation	United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)	COP17

B. Key Launches

Delhi Biodiversity Map: Launched by ICLEI South Asia to support urban biodiversity-related planning.
Policy Framework for Gender Equality in Public Bus Transport Systems: Focuses on integrating gender equality into public transport systems.
Guidelines on Canal Restoration: Promotes the use of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for canal restoration.

C. Institutional Partnerships

MoU with Global Buildings Performance Network: ICLEI South Asia signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the network to strengthen institutional cooperation.

D. Youth Engagement and Health Resilience

South Asian Circular Cities Hackathon: Provided a platform for youth-led ideas and solutions relating to circular urban development.
UNICEF India's Early Action for Children’s Health (EACH) Initiative: Highlighted the importance of early action to protect children's health, particularly in the context of heat resilience and clean air.

Liability of Parents for Driving Offences Committed by Minors

Why in News?

A recent road accident in Kochi involving a 17-year-old driver has renewed the debate over the criminal liability of parents and guardians for traffic offences committed by minors.

The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, as amended in 2019, introduced Section 199A, which provides for the liability of guardians and vehicle owners in cases where a juvenile commits a driving offence.

Legal Framework: Section 199A of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988

Section 199A, introduced through the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, establishes accountability for guardians and vehicle owners when a juvenile commits an offence under the Act.

1. Key Provisions

Presumption of Consent: The law presumes that the juvenile used the vehicle with the consent of the guardian or vehicle owner.
Punishment: The guardian or vehicle owner may face:
- Imprisonment of up to three years.
- A fine of ₹25,000.
Statutory Defence: A guardian or vehicle owner can avoid liability by establishing that:
- The offence was committed without their knowledge; or
- They exercised due diligence to prevent the offence.
Juvenile Accountability: The minor is dealt with under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, rather than automatically being subjected to adult criminal proceedings.

2. Arguments in Favour of Parental Liability

Parental Responsibility: Parents are responsible for supervising their minor children and preventing them from engaging in unlawful and dangerous activities, including driving without a valid licence.
Effective Deterrence: The possibility of criminal liability encourages parents to exercise greater caution and restrict minors' access to motor vehicles.
Protection of Public Safety: Given the potential of motor vehicles to cause serious injuries and fatalities, holding guardians accountable can strengthen road safety and protect other road users.
Prevention of Parental Negligence: Parents who knowingly allow unlicensed minors to drive should be held accountable when their negligence contributes to an offence or accident.

3. Arguments Against Parental Liability

Principle of Individual Criminal Responsibility: Criminal liability generally requires personal culpability. Holding parents responsible for a child's independent actions may raise concerns about punishing individuals for conduct they did not personally commit.
Absence of Knowledge or Consent: A minor may use a vehicle without parental permission. Punishing guardians who neither knew about nor consented to the act, despite taking reasonable precautions, may be unjust.
Limitations of Parental Control: Parents cannot continuously monitor adolescents, particularly those approaching adulthood. They should not automatically be held responsible for every independent decision made by a minor.
Presumption of Innocence and Fair Trial: The statutory presumption of consent raises concerns about procedural fairness and the burden of proof, particularly when guardians are required to establish the circumstances that may exempt them from liability.

National Social Security Board

Why in News?

The Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoLE) has notified the constitution of the National Social Security Board for unorganised, gig and platform workers to strengthen the institutional framework for their social security and welfare.

About the National Social Security Board

Statutory Status: The Board is a statutory body constituted under Section 6(1) of the Code on Social Security, 2020.
Objective: To recommend and facilitate social security and welfare measures for unorganised, gig and platform workers.

1. Composition

The Board is chaired by the Union Minister of Labour and Employment, with the following members:

Vice-Chairperson: Secretary of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
Representatives of Aggregators: Five representatives.
Representatives of Gig and Platform Workers: Five representatives.
State Government Representatives: Five representatives, nominated by rotation.
Ex-officio Members:
- Director General of the Employees' State Insurance Corporation.
- Central Provident Fund Commissioner.

2. Functions

Welfare Schemes: Recommends social security and welfare schemes for unorganised, gig and platform workers.
Policy Advice: Advises the Central Government on matters relating to the implementation of the Code on Social Security, 2020.
Monitoring: Monitors the implementation of Central Government welfare schemes for these categories of workers.
State-level Review: Reviews State-level mechanisms for maintaining records and the utilisation of social security funds.

3. Tenure and Meetings

Tenure: Three years.
Frequency of Meetings: At least three meetings annually.

Code on Social Security, 2020

Code on Social Security, 2020 provides a framework for extending social security coverage to different categories of workers, including those in the unorganised sector, gig workers and platform workers.
It recognises gig workers and platform workers as distinct categories from traditional employees.
It provides for separate social security measures for these workers, rather than automatically extending standard employment-r

NVS-03 Satellite for the NavIC System

Why in News?

ISRO scheduled the launch of NVS-03, a navigation satellite intended to restore the standalone positioning service of the Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), from Sriharikota.

About NVS-03

Satellite Series: NVS-03 is the third satellite in the second-generation NavIC satellite series.
Mission Life: Designed for an operational life of approximately 12 years.
Objective: To replace ageing first-generation satellites and strengthen the operational capabilities of India's regional navigation system.
Launch Vehicle: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)-F18.
Target Orbit: Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).

Key Technological Improvements

Indigenous Atomic Clock: Incorporates an indigenously developed atomic clock to improve timing accuracy, which is essential for precise satellite-based positioning.
Additional L1 Signal: Introduces the L1 frequency band alongside the existing L5 and S-band signals.
Enhanced Compatibility: The additional L1 signal is expected to improve compatibility with GPS-enabled devices and expand NavIC applications in smartphones, wearables and other consumer devices.

About NavIC

Full Name: Navigation with Indian Constellation.
Earlier Name: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
Nature: An independent, indigenous regional satellite navigation system developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
Objective: To provide independent positioning, navigation and timing services for civilian and strategic applications.

1. Coverage Area

Covers the entire Indian landmass.
Extends approximately 1,500 km beyond India's borders.

2. Satellite Constellation

NavIC is designed as a constellation of seven satellites:

3 satellites in Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO).
4 satellites in inclined Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GSO), with an inclination of approximately 29°.

Operational Challenges

Satellite Clock Failures: Failures of onboard atomic clocks have affected the operational availability of some first-generation NavIC satellites.
Launch-related Setbacks: Failed launches and satellite-related issues have affected the continuity of the constellation.
Reduced Satellite Availability: According to the supplied report, only IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1I and NVS-01 remained operational, leaving the constellation one satellite short of the four required for positioning services.
Impact on Services: The standalone positioning service was affected, while the timing service remained functional.

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