10 July 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Upper Ionosphere Reconstruction

Why in News?

• Researchers from India have developed the country's first integrated technique to reconstruct the topside (upper) ionosphere over the Indian region.
• The new approach maps electron density up to an altitude of about 1,000 km, replacing conventional assumption-based global models and improving the accuracy of space weather and satellite-based navigation services.

What is the Upper Ionosphere Reconstruction Method?

• It is an indigenous integrated modelling technique developed to accurately estimate the electron density in the topside ionosphere over India.
• Unlike conventional global models that rely on generalized assumptions, the new method uses observational data to reconstruct the ionosphere more precisely.
• It enables continuous tracking of electron density from the lower ionosphere up to nearly 1,000 km altitude.

Significance of the Development

• Improved Space Weather Forecasting: Enhances monitoring and prediction of ionospheric disturbances caused by solar activity and geomagnetic storms.
• Better Satellite Operations: Improves the performance and operational reliability of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites by providing more accurate ionospheric information.
• Enhanced Navigation Accuracy: Reduces positioning errors in satellite navigation systems such as NavIC, GPS, Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
• Understanding Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics: Supports detailed study of the highly dynamic ionosphere over India's geomagnetic equatorial region, which experiences unique ionospheric phenomena.

About the Ionosphere

• The ionosphere is an electrically charged region of Earth's upper atmosphere extending from approximately 60 km to over 1,000 km above the Earth's surface.
• It overlaps parts of the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.
• Formed when solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and X-rays ionise atmospheric gases by removing electrons from atoms and molecules.
• This process creates a region containing large numbers of free electrons and positively charged ions.

1. Major Characteristics

• Electrically Charged Layer: Contains ionised particles capable of influencing the propagation of radio waves.
• Dynamic Nature: Expands during the daytime due to stronger solar radiation and Contracts at night as ionisation decreases.
• Home to Auroras and Airglow: Charged particles interacting with atmospheric gases produce Auroras near polar regions and Airglow, a faint natural glow visible in the upper atmosphere.

2. Importance of the Ionosphere

• Long-Distance Radio Communication: Reflects or refracts certain radio waves back toward Earth, enabling long-range radio communication beyond the horizon.
• Satellite Operations: Hosts numerous Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, including the International Space Station.
• Navigation Systems: Influences the accuracy of satellite-based navigation systems such as NavIC, GPS, and other GNSS services.
• Space Weather Monitoring: Plays a critical role in understanding the impact of solar activity on Earth's near-space environment.

3. Challenges Affecting the Ionosphere

• Highly sensitive to Solar flares, Geomagnetic storms, Variations in solar radiation
• These disturbances can Disrupt GNSS signals, Affect satellite communications, Interfere with radio navigation and communication systems.

India–UK CETA Rules of Origin

Why in News?

• Ministry of Finance has notified the Rules of Origin (RoO) framework under the India–UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) to determine eligibility for preferential tariff benefits.

What are Rules of Origin (RoO)?

• Rules of Origin (RoO) are criteria used to determine the economic nationality of a product under a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), rather than its place of shipment or geographic origin.
• They identify whether a product qualifies for preferential tariff treatment under the India–UK CETA.
• To claim these benefits, exporters must furnish a Certificate of Origin (CoO) issued by the designated authority.

Objectives of the Rules of Origin

• Prevent trade diversion and tariff circumvention by non-member countries.
• Ensure that only goods genuinely produced or substantially processed within India or the United Kingdom receive preferential market access.
• Prevent third countries from routing goods through the UK merely to avail lower tariffs under the CETA.

Criteria for Originating Status

1. A product qualifies

• As an originating good if it satisfies either of the following conditions:

2. Wholly Obtained Goods

• Products entirely produced, grown, mined, harvested, or extracted within India or the United Kingdom without using inputs from third countries.

3. Substantial Transformation

• Products manufactured using imported inputs must undergo significant industrial processing within a partner country.
• Such products must satisfy Prescribed local value addition requirements, Product-specific rules specified under the agreement, Other applicable origin criteria.

Operations That Do Not Confer Origin

• Repackaging or repacking.
• Washing or simple cleaning.
• Simple assembly operations.
• Relabelling or change of packaging.
• Sorting or grading.
• Polishing or similar minor finishing processes.
• These activities alone cannot establish economic origin under the agreement.

Implementation Mechanism

1. Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC)

• Verifies and enforces the Rules of Origin for imported goods claiming CETA preferences.
• Ensures compliance with customs procedures and prevents misuse of preferential tariffs.

2. Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)

• Responsible for issuing Certificates of Origin to eligible Indian exporters.
• Facilitates access to tariff concessions under the India–UK CETA.

Israel–Palestine Two-State Solution

Why in News?

During the Prime Minister's visit to Indonesia, India reiterated its long-standing support for a negotiated Two-State Solution, advocating the establishment of a sovereign and independent Palestinian State living peacefully alongside Israel.

What is the Two-State Solution?

1. The Two-State Solution

• This is a diplomatic proposal aimed at resolving the Israel–Palestine conflict by creating two sovereign states—Israel and Palestine—coexisting peacefully within mutually agreed borders.

2. Proposed Territorial Arrangement

• Palestine is envisaged to comprise West Bank and Gaza Strip
• Boundaries are generally based on the 1949 Armistice Line (Green Line), with mutually negotiated land swaps.

3. Status of Jerusalem

• East Jerusalem is claimed by Palestine as its future capital.
• The city is religiously significant because it houses:
• Temple Mount, Judaism's holiest site.
• Haram al-Sharif (Al-Aqsa Compound), Islam's third holiest site.

Positions of the Two Sides

1. Palestinian Position

• Recognition of an independent and sovereign state based on the 1967 borders.
• East Jerusalem as its capital.
• Recognition of the Right of Return for Palestinian refugees displaced during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

2. Israeli Position

• Any future Palestinian state should remain demilitarised.
• Jerusalem should remain Israel's unified and permanent capital.
• The Right of Return should not be permitted.
• Territorial adjustments should allow Israel to retain major settlement blocs through mutually agreed land swaps.

Evolution of the Two-State Solution

1. UN Partition Plan (1947)

• Proposed partition of British Mandate Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states.
• Accepted by Jewish leadership but rejected by Arab representatives.

2. UNSC Resolution 242 (1967)

• Introduced the principle of "Land for Peace."
• Called for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied during the Six-Day War in exchange for lasting peace.

3. Oslo Accords (1993)

• Created the Palestinian Authority (PA) as an interim self-governing body in parts of the West Bank and Gaza.
• Deferred key issues such as borders, refugees, settlements, and Jerusalem for future negotiations.

4. Arab Peace Initiative (2002)

• Offered full diplomatic normalisation between Israel and Arab countries.
• Conditional upon Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Establishment of an independent Palestinian State.

Present International and Legal Position

1. Oslo II Accord (1995)

a. The West Bank is administratively divided into:

• Area A (18%) – Full Palestinian civil and security control.
• Area B (22%) – Palestinian civil administration with joint Israeli-Palestinian security arrangements.
• Area C (60%) – Full Israeli administrative and security control.

b. United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

• UNSC Resolutions 446 and 465 consider Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem inconsistent with international law.
• These resolutions reference obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention.

2. International Court of Justice (ICJ)

a. In its 2024 Advisory Opinion, the ICJ concluded that:

• Israel's continued occupation of Palestinian territories since 1967 is unlawful under international law.
• Israel should withdraw from the occupied territories.
• Reparations are owed to the Palestinian people.

b. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

• In 2012, Palestine was granted Non-Member Observer State status under UNGA Resolution 67/19.
• This enhanced Palestine's international standing, although it did not confer full UN membership.

Global Recognition

• Around 156 of the 193 UN Member States recognise Palestine as a sovereign state.
• Countries that do not recognise Palestinian statehood include Israel, United States, Several Pacific island nations

India's Position

• A peaceful, negotiated Two-State Solution.
• Creation of a sovereign, viable and independent Palestine.
• Peaceful coexistence between Israel and Palestine through dialogue and diplomacy.
• Resolution of the conflict in accordance with international law and relevant UN resolutions.

Right to be Forgotten (RTBF)

Why in News?

The Delhi High Court, in Laksh Vir Singh Yadav v. Union of India, laid down a framework for de-indexing name-based search results of acquitted individuals, reinforcing the Right to be Forgotten (RTBF) as an important facet of the right to privacy in the digital era.

What is the Right to be Forgotten (RTBF)?

• The Right to be Forgotten (RTBF) enables individuals to seek the removal, masking, or de-indexing of personal information available in the public domain when such information has become obsolete, inaccurate, irrelevant, or no longer serves a legitimate public purpose.
• It seeks to strike a balance between individual privacy and the public’s right to access information.
• The concept gained global recognition through the 2014 Google Spain SL v. AEPD judgment of the European Court of Justice.
• It is codified as the Right to Erasure under the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

Status of RTBF in India

1. Constitutional Recognition

• The RTBF is considered an extension of the Right to Privacy under Article 21, as recognised by the Supreme Court in the Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) judgment.
• However, it is not an absolute right and must be balanced against competing constitutional values.

2. Grounds for Restriction

• The right may be limited where disclosure serves Freedom of speech and expression; Public interest; Legal or statutory obligations; Academic, historical, or scientific research.

3. Existing Legal Framework

• India does not have a dedicated legislation exclusively governing RTBF.
• The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 recognises a Right to Erasure (Section 12), but its application to publicly accessible judicial or historical records remains legally uncertain.
• Section 43A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 provides protection against negligent handling of sensitive personal data but does not empower intermediaries to independently adjudicate RTBF claims.

Important Judicial Developments

1. Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)

• Recognised privacy as a Fundamental Right under Article 21.
• Observed that individuals should have greater control over their digital identity and personal information.

2. Zulfiqar Ahmad Khan v. Quintillion Business Media (2019)

• The Delhi High Court directed removal of unverified allegations from online platforms, recognising the need to protect personal reputation and privacy.

3. Karthick Theodre v. Madras High Court

• 2021: The Court declined to redact names from judicial records, citing the principle of open justice.
• 2024: A Division Bench permitted masking of the acquitted person's identity to safeguard privacy interests.

4. Re: Masking of Personal Details (2023)

• The Supreme Court directed anonymisation of names in sensitive matters involving matrimonial disputes and child custody cases to protect vulnerable individuals.

Key Challenges Associated with RTBF

• Balancing Privacy and Judicial Transparency: Court judgments are public documents, and excessive redaction may dilute the principle of open justice and judicial accountability.
• Conflict with Constitutional Rights: RTBF may conflict with Article 19(1)(a) (Freedom of Speech and Expression); Citizens' right to receive information; Transparency objectives under the Right to Information Act, 2005.
• Impact on Journalism and Public Record: Removal of published information may Affect historical accuracy; Restrict investigative journalism; Alter legitimate public records.
• Technological Limitations: Complete deletion of online information remains difficult due to Decentralised internet architecture; Archived web pages; Data replication across platforms; AI systems that retain or reproduce previously available information.

Significance of the Delhi High Court Framework

• Provides structured guidance for de-indexing search results relating to acquitted persons.
• Attempts to balance individual dignity and rehabilitation with public interest and transparency.
• Reflects the growing recognition of digital privacy rights in India's evolving data protection framework.
• May influence the development of a comprehensive legal framework governing RTBF in the future.

All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE)

Why in News?

The Ministry of Education has released the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) reports for 2022–23 and 2023–24, highlighting sustained growth in enrolment, improved gender parity, greater social inclusion, and increased participation by higher education institutions across the country.

What is the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE)?

• AISHE is the national database on India's higher education sector, conducted by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education.
• It gathers comprehensive information on Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) through a web-based Data Capture Format (DCF) developed in collaboration with the National Informatics Centre (NIC).
• The survey captures data on institutions, student enrolment, faculty strength, infrastructure, examination outcomes, and other academic indicators.
• Participation in AISHE is voluntary, and the information is self-reported by Higher Education Institutions.
• More than 90% institutional participation was recorded in both survey years:
• 2022–23: 56,180 institutions
• 2023–24: 59,533 institutions

Key Highlights of AISHE 2022–23 and 2023–24

Major Trends Observed

1. Rising Gross Enrolment

• The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) increased to 30, indicating improved access to higher education among the eligible age group.

2. Improved Gender Inclusion

• Female enrolment continued to grow, with women accounting for 2.24 crore students in 2023–24.
• The Gender Parity Index (GPI) improved from 1.04 to 1.08, reflecting greater female participation in higher education.

3. Greater Social Inclusion

• Enrolment among Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) registered consistent growth, indicating expanding access to higher education for socially disadvantaged communities.

4. Growth in STEM Education

• STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) enrolment crossed 1.02 crore, with 44% female representation, reflecting increasing participation of women in science and technology disciplines.

5. Expansion of Faculty Strength

• The number of teachers increased to 17.32 lakh, with women constituting over half of the teaching workforce, indicating greater gender representation among faculty members.

Key Terms

1. Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)

• GER is the ratio of students enrolled in higher education to the total population in the 18–23 years age group, based on the 2011 population projections.
• It serves as a key indicator of access to higher education.

2. Gender Parity Index (GPI)

• GPI is calculated as the ratio of female GER to male GER.

Interpretation:

• GPI = 1: Equal participation of males and females.
• GPI < 1: Higher participation of males.
• GPI > 1: Higher participation of females.

3. STEM

• STEM refers to the disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
• These fields play a critical role in driving innovation, technological advancement, scientific research, and economic development.

Performance Grading Index (PGI) 2.0 Report 2025–26

Why in News?

The Ministry of Education has released the Performance Grading Index 2.0 (PGI 2.0) reports for States/Union Territories (PGI-S) and Districts (PGI-D) for 2025–26, assessing the quality and performance of school education systems across the country.

Key Findings of the PGI 2.0 Report 2025–26

1. Overall Performance

• All States and Union Territories secured more than 50% of the total score.
• However, no State or UT attained the highest ‘Utkarsh’ performance grade.

2. Best Performers

• Chandigarh became the first State/UT to enter the ‘Uttam-3’ performance band.
• Punjab, Kerala, Delhi, and Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu were placed in the ‘Prachesta-1’ category, emerging as the next best performers.

3. Lowest Performer

• Meghalaya remained the lowest-ranked State, although it registered measurable improvement over the previous assessment cycle.

4. Narrowing Regional Disparities

• The performance gap between the highest and lowest scoring States/UTs reduced significantly: 2017–18: 51% & 2025–26: 31.4%
• This indicates gradual convergence in school education performance across States.

5. Persistent Learning Challenge

• Despite improvements in governance, infrastructure, and administrative efficiency, learning outcomes continue to remain largely stagnant, emerging as the most significant challenge in school education.

What is the Performance Grading Index (PGI) 2.0?

1. PGI 2.0

• This is an evidence-based assessment framework developed by the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education.

2. It evaluates overall

• This performance of school education systems across States, Union Territories, districts.

3. The framework

• Is aligned with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 on ensuring inclusive and quality education.

4. Components of PGI 2.0

• PGI-S (State Performance Grading Index): Assesses the performance of States and Union Territories.
• PGI-D (District Performance Grading Index): Evaluates the performance of district-level school education systems.

5. Data Sources Used

• PGI 2.0 draws information from multiple national education databases, including UDISE+ (Unified District Information System for Education Plus), PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan, PM POSHAN, PRABANDH Portal
• These datasets enable a comprehensive evaluation of governance, infrastructure, access, equity, and learning outcomes.

Grading Structure

• PGI 2.0 classifies States, UTs, and districts into 10 performance bands.
• The grading ranges from Utkarsh – Highest category (scores above 90%) & Akanshi-3 – Lowest category (scores up to 10%)
• The grading system is intended to encourage competitive and cooperative federalism, helping governments identify strengths, address gaps, and improve the quality of school education.

World Investment Report (WIR) 2026

Why in News?

The United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has released the World Investment Report (WIR) 2026, titled "International Investment in a Turbulent Era", highlighting global trends in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and India's improving position as both a major investment destination and an overseas investor.

What is the World Investment Report (WIR)?

• The World Investment Report (WIR) is the flagship annual publication of UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
• Published since 1991, it provides a comprehensive assessment of Global Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) trends; Investment policies; Activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs); Emerging issues affecting international investment.
• The report serves as a key global reference for governments, investors, and policymakers in formulating investment strategies and assessing international capital flows.

Key Global Findings of WIR 2026

1. Global FDI Rebounded in 2025

• Global FDI flows increased by 6%, reaching USD 1.6 trillion despite geopolitical uncertainties and economic volatility.
• Europe accounted for the largest share of the increase in global investment inflows.

2. Major FDI Destination Economies

• The United States remained the world's largest recipient of FDI.
• Other leading investment destinations included Singapore; Hong Kong (China); China.

3. Leading Sources of Global FDI

• The United States continued to be the largest outward investor.
• It was followed by Japan and China.
• Collectively, the top five investing economies accounted for nearly half of global FDI outflows.

4. Increasing Concentration of Investment

• The top 20 host economies attracted more than 80% of global FDI inflows in 2025.
• Developing economies constituted half of these top 20 investment destinations, indicating their growing role in global capital flows.

5. Regional Investment Trends

• Developed economies experienced an 11% increase in FDI inflows, reaching USD 723 billion.
• Developing economies registered relatively modest growth of 2%, with inflows amounting to USD 901 billion.

6. Importance of FDI for Developing Countries

• FDI remained the largest external source of finance for developing economies.
• In 2025, it contributed nearly half of total external financing, surpassing Remittances; Official Development Assistance; Portfolio investment flows.

India-Specific Highlights

1. Strong Growth in FDI Inflows

• India recorded a 44% increase in FDI inflows, reaching USD 39 billion in 2025.
• This growth played a significant role in the recovery of investment flows across South Asia.

2. Improved Global Ranking

• India advanced to become the 11th largest recipient of Foreign Direct Investment globally, reflecting sustained investor confidence in the country's economic prospects.

3. Rising Overseas Investments

• India's outward investment also witnessed strong growth.
• Overseas FDI increased by 50% to USD 36 billion in 2025.
• As a result, India became the 18th largest source of overseas investment, improving its global ranking by two positions.

Significance for India

• The sharp rise in FDI inflows reflects increasing confidence in India's macroeconomic stability, policy reforms, and investment climate.
• Higher outward investment indicates the growing global footprint of Indian enterprises and their expanding participation in international value chains.
• India's dual emergence as a leading investment destination and an important overseas investor strengthens its position in the evolving global investment landscape.

Guwahati Declaration

Why in News?

The BRICS Heads of Anti-Drug Agencies Meeting, held in Guwahati, Assam, concluded with the adoption of the Guwahati Declaration, aimed at enhancing cooperation among BRICS countries in combating illicit drug trafficking and transnational organised crime.

Background

• The meeting was hosted by India's Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) under India's BRICS Chairship (2026).
• It was conducted under the theme "Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability."

Key Highlights of the Guwahati Declaration

1. Strengthening Anti-Drug Cooperation

• BRICS countries reaffirmed their collective commitment to intensify cooperation in preventing and combating Illicit drug trafficking; Drug-related transnational organised crime; Cross-border narcotics networks.

2. Enhanced Information Sharing

• Member countries agreed to strengthen the timely exchange of information, intelligence, operational experiences, and best practices.
• Such cooperation will be carried out in accordance with National laws; and International legal obligations.

3. Leveraging Technology

• The declaration encourages greater adoption of Artificial Intelligence; Digital technologies; Data-driven analytical tools; and Advanced regulatory mechanisms
• These technologies will support more effective detection, monitoring, and enforcement against drug trafficking networks.

4. Addressing Emerging Drug Threats

• The declaration highlights the growing risks posed by Synthetic drugs; New Psychoactive Substances; Diversion of precursor chemicals used in illicit drug manufacturing; Misuse of digital platforms, encrypted communication channels, and virtual assets by organised criminal networks.

5. Capacity Building and Collaboration

• BRICS members committed to promoting greater institutional cooperation through Joint capacity-building initiatives; Knowledge sharing; Technical cooperation; and Strengthened law enforcement coordination.

Significance of the Declaration

• Reinforces the collective resolve of BRICS nations to tackle the evolving global drug menace.
• Promotes a coordinated approach against transnational organised crime through intelligence-led policing and technological innovation.
• Recognises emerging challenges such as synthetic narcotics, cyber-enabled trafficking, and virtual financial transactions.
• Strengthens international cooperation while respecting the domestic legal frameworks and sovereign responsibilities of member countries.

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