10 June 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Supreme Court Releases Draft Rules to Regulate AI Use in Judiciary

Why in News?

• The Supreme Court’s AI Committee, chaired by Justice P. S. Narasimha, has published the Draft Regulations for Use of Artificial Intelligence in Courts, 2026.
• The proposed framework seeks to ensure the responsible adoption of AI in the judicial system while safeguarding judicial independence, fairness, due process, and constitutional values.

Background

• Artificial Intelligence tools are increasingly being used for legal research, document analysis, translation, and case management.
• However, concerns have emerged regarding Algorithmic bias, Hallucinated or fabricated legal citations, Lack of transparency, Privacy risks, Excessive dependence on automated decision-making.

Key Provisions of the Draft Regulations

1. Mandatory Human Oversight

Human Judgment Remains Supreme

• AI systems may function only as assistive tools.
• Judicial authority and decision-making must remain exclusively with human judges.

Restrictions

• AI-assisted sentencing is prohibited.
• Fully autonomous judicial decisions are not permitted.
• Human review is mandatory for any AI-supported judicial process.

2. Prohibited Uses of AI

The draft regulations bar the use of AI for Profiling and Risk Assessment

• Profiling litigants or witnesses;
• Determining bail eligibility;
• Predicting recidivism (likelihood of reoffending);
• Flight-risk assessment.
• Opaque AI Systems: Use of "black-box" AI systems whose decision-making processes cannot be explained or audited.

3. Permitted Applications of AI

AI may be deployed for non-adjudicatory and support functions such as:

• Judicial Assistance: Legal research, Citation verification, Case-law retrieval.
• Administrative Functions: Summarisation of pleadings, Translation services, Record management and digitisation, Workflow and document processing.

4. Safeguards Against Algorithmic Bias

• Non-Discrimination Requirement: AI systems must not perpetuate or amplify discrimination based on Caste, Religion, Gender, Disability, Language, Economic status.
• Objective: Ensure equality before law and protect constitutional guarantees of non-discrimination.

5. Data Protection and Privacy Compliance

• Alignment with Existing Law: All AI deployment in courts must comply with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
• Purpose:
  - Protect sensitive judicial records and personal information.
  - Strengthen cybersecurity and data governance standards within the judiciary.

Proposed Apex Supervisory Body

1. Role and Functions

• Oversee AI adoption in courts;
• Approve and certify AI systems;
• Establish technical and ethical standards;
• Monitor compliance and accountability mechanisms.

2. Proposed Composition

a. Judicial Members

• Two Supreme Court judges (including one ex-officio Chairperson);
• Two High Court Chief Justices;
• Two High Court judges.

b. Government Representation

• One Joint Secretary-level officer from the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.

c. Technical Experts

• Finance experts,
• Cybersecurity specialists,
• Technology law and privacy practitioners.

d. Academic Representation

• Head of the AI Division at the National Judicial Academy.

Why is AI Regulation Necessary in the Judiciary?

1. Preventing Judicial Errors

• Risk of Fabricated Outputs: AI systems may generate convincing but inaccurate information, including fictitious legal precedents and case citations.
• Recent Concern: The Supreme Court recently criticised reliance on AI-generated fake judgments, describing such conduct as serious judicial impropriety.

2. Protecting Judicial Independence

• Human-Centric Justice: Judicial decisions must be guided by Constitutional principles, Human reasoning, Judicial discretion, Context-sensitive interpretation of law.
• Ensuring Due Process: Preserving Natural Justice excessive automation could undermine Fair hearing, Procedural fairness, Transparency in adjudication, Accountability of decision-making.

3. Addressing Algorithmic Bias

Preventing Digital Discrimination

• AI systems trained on biased datasets may replicate existing social and institutional inequalities.
• Regulatory oversight is necessary to ensure fairness and inclusiveness.

4. Safeguarding Privacy and Security

Protection of Sensitive Data

• Courts handle highly confidential personal, financial, and legal information.
• Robust safeguards are essential to prevent data breaches and misuse.

Significance of the Draft Regulations

• Responsible AI Governance: Establishes a structured framework for ethical AI adoption in courts.
• Balancing Innovation and Accountability: Encourages technological efficiency without compromising judicial integrity.
• Global Relevance: Positions India among jurisdictions developing dedicated safeguards for AI use in judicial systems.
• Constitutional Compliance: Reinforces principles of fairness, transparency, equality, and due process in the digital era.

Three-Language Formula: SC Seeks Readiness Report for Class 9 Rollout from July 2026

Context

The Supreme Court has directed the Union Government, CBSE, and NCERT to submit details of their preparedness for implementing the Three-Language Formula (TLF) in Class 9 from July 1, 2026.

About the Three-Language Formula (TLF)

• Requires students to learn Mother tongue/Regional language, English, A third language — Hindi in non-Hindi states, and a modern Indian language (preferably a Southern language) in Hindi-speaking states.
• Objective: Promote national integration, multilingualism, and linguistic inclusivity while bridging the North–South language divide.

Evolution of the Policy

• Suggested by the Radhakrishnan Commission.
• Conceptualised by the Central Advisory Board of Education (1956).
• Refined by the Kothari Commission.
• Adopted under the National Policy on Education 1968, reaffirmed in 1986 and revised in 1992.
• National Education Policy 2020 introduced flexibility, mandating that at least two languages be Indian languages while prohibiting language imposition.

Constitutional and Judicial Foundations

• Article 29: Protects linguistic and cultural rights of minorities.
• Article 350A: Encourages mother-tongue education at the primary level.
• Article 350B: Provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities.
• Article 351: Directs promotion of Hindi as a link language.
• Eighth Schedule: Recognises 22 Scheduled Languages.
• In Karnataka v. Associated Management of Primary & Secondary Schools, the Supreme Court held that language choice and medium of instruction cannot be imposed by the state.

Significance

• Promotes national unity through linguistic exposure.
• Enhances cognitive abilities and multilingual competence.
• Improves educational and employment opportunities.
• Supports preservation of regional and indigenous languages.

Key Challenges

• Shortage of qualified language teachers and teaching materials.
• Uneven implementation across states.
• Opposition from states such as Tamil Nadu over concerns of Hindi imposition.
• Additional academic burden on students.

Notable Implementation Models

• Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya student-exchange programme promotes linguistic integration.
• Chhattisgarh uses bilingual textbooks in tribal and local languages.
• Odisha implements multilingual education through community-based language instructors for tribal students.

India Accelerates Ease of Doing Business Reforms Through Digital Governance and Trust-Based Regulation

Context

India has launched a new generation of Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) reforms centred on digital governance, compliance reduction, and trust-based regulation to improve the business environment.

India’s Performance

• India's rank in the World Bank Doing Business Report improved from 142 (2014) to 63 (2019).
• India's ranking in the International Institute for Management Development World Competitiveness Ranking improved from 43rd (2021) to 41st (2025).

Major Ease of Doing Business Reforms

1. Business Entry Reforms

• SPICe+ (Simplified Proforma for Incorporating Company Electronically Plus) enables integrated company registration.
• Udyam Portal provides paperless, self-declaration-based MSME registration.
• Facilitates single-window, digital business incorporation.

2. GST and Tax Reforms

• Introduction of Goods and Services Tax created a unified national market.
• Faceless tax assessments and e-filing have enhanced transparency and reduced compliance burdens.

3. Land and Property Reforms

• Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP) digitises land records.
• Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) assigns a unique ID to land parcels.
• National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) streamlines property registration.

4. Logistics and Infrastructure

• PM GatiShakti promotes integrated infrastructure planning.
• National Logistics Portal improves supply-chain efficiency.
• Focus on multimodal connectivity reduces transportation bottlenecks.

5. Enhancing Credit Access

• Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana supports small entrepreneurs.
• Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) improves collateral-free lending.
• TReDS (Trade Receivables Discounting System) helps MSMEs access working capital.

6. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)

• Platforms such as Unified Payments Interface, cKYC, and Entity Locker reduce transaction costs.
• Promote seamless digital business operations.

7. Trust-Based Governance

• Jan Vishwas Act decriminalised several minor offences.
• Reduced compliance burden and promoted ease of regulatory compliance.

8. Insolvency Reforms

• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code introduced a time-bound mechanism for resolving stressed assets.
• Strengthened creditor confidence and business certainty.

Persistent Challenges

• Land Acquisition Bottlenecks: Land disputes and acquisition delays continue despite extensive digitisation and ULPIN coverage.
• Regulatory Complexity: Businesses still face multiple approvals and overlapping regulations across Centre, State, and local levels.
• Slow Contract Enforcement: Judicial delays and pendency of commercial disputes increase uncertainty and transaction costs.
• High Logistics Costs: Despite improvement to 38th rank in the Logistics Performance Index, logistics costs remain higher than many competing export economies.
• MSME Constraints: Limited access to affordable finance, technology adoption, and skilled manpower continues to affect competitiveness.

E85 Fuel Rolled Out Across OMC Retail Outlets

Context

The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has initiated the commercial rollout of E85 fuel through 48 retail outlets of Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs).

What is E85 Fuel?

• E85 is a high-ethanol fuel blend containing 80–85% anhydrous ethanol and 14–19% petrol (gasoline)
• It is designed exclusively for Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs), which can automatically adjust to varying ethanol-petrol blends.

Technical Features

• Ethanol has a very high Research Octane Number (RON) of 105–108, making it highly resistant to engine knocking (premature fuel detonation).
• This allows FFVs to operate at higher compression ratios, improving engine performance and efficiency.
• E85 cannot be used in conventional petrol vehicles or E20-compliant vehicles, as its high ethanol content can corrode engine components, fuel lines, and rubber seals.

Advantages

• Energy Security: Reduces dependence on imported crude oil.
• Support to Farmers: Creates demand for ethanol feedstocks such as sugarcane, maize, and other agricultural produce.
• Environmental Benefits:
  - Can reduce lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by up to 61%.
  - Cuts particulate matter (PM) emissions by over 95% compared to conventional petrol vehicles.
• Promotes Biofuel Economy: Supports India's ethanol-blending and clean-energy goals.

Limitation

Vehicles running on E85 generally experience a 15–25% reduction in fuel efficiency (mileage) compared to standard petrol because ethanol contains less energy per litre.

RBI Incentivises FCNR(B) Deposits to Boost Dollar Inflows and Support the Rupee

Context

The Reserve Bank of India has decided to bear the full hedging cost on fresh FCNR(B) deposits until September 30, aiming to attract NRI dollar deposits, improve foreign currency liquidity, and support the Indian rupee.

What is an FCNR(B) Deposit?

• Foreign Currency Non-Resident (Bank) [FCNR(B)] Deposit is a fixed deposit account that Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) can maintain with Indian banks in designated foreign currencies.
• Permitted Currencies: US Dollar (USD), Pound Sterling (GBP), Euro (EUR), Japanese Yen (JPY), Canadian Dollar (CAD), Australian Dollar (AUD)
• Unlike ordinary bank deposits, FCNR(B) accounts allow NRIs to deposit and maintain funds directly in foreign currency without converting them into Indian Rupees.

Key Features

1. Exchange Rate Protection

• Deposits remain denominated in foreign currency.
• Depositors are insulated from rupee depreciation or appreciation risks.

2. Tax Benefits

• Interest earned on FCNR(B) deposits is tax-free in India for eligible NRIs.

3. Full Repatriability

• Both principal and interest can be freely transferred abroad.

4. Fixed Deposit Nature

• Operates as a term deposit with specified maturity periods.

Why is RBI Encouraging FCNR(B) Deposits?

When NRIs place dollars in FCNR(B) accounts:

• Indian banks receive additional foreign currency resources.
• Dollar availability in the banking system increases.
• Pressure on the rupee can be moderated.
• Foreign exchange reserves receive support through increased inflows.

This measure becomes particularly useful during periods of global uncertainty, capital outflows, or pressure on the domestic currency.

What is Hedging Cost?

Hedging cost is the expense incurred by banks to protect themselves against currency fluctuation risks.

Example:

• A bank receives deposits in US dollars through FCNR(B) accounts.
• It may deploy those funds in rupee-denominated assets.
• If exchange rates change adversely, the bank could face losses.
• To avoid this risk, it enters into hedging contracts (such as forward contracts), which involve a cost.

By bearing the full hedging cost, the RBI makes FCNR(B) deposits more attractive for banks, encouraging them to mobilise greater foreign currency deposits from NRIs.

Majorana 2 Quantum Chip Advances Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing

Context

Microsoft has developed Majorana 2, an experimental quantum processor based on topological qubits, representing a major step toward practical fault-tolerant quantum computing.

Key Highlights

• Uses topological qubits, a novel qubit architecture designed to be inherently more resistant to errors.
• Achieves an average quantum coherence time of about 20 seconds, with some qubits maintaining coherence for up to one minute.
• This is significantly longer than the millisecond-level coherence times typical of many conventional quantum processors.
• Greater stability improves the prospects for building large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers.

Important Concepts

1. Qubit (Quantum Bit)

• The fundamental unit of quantum information.
• Unlike a classical bit (0 or 1), a qubit can exist in 0, 1 and A combination of both states simultaneously (superposition).

2. Topological Qubits

• Store information in the topological properties (overall quantum structure or "shape") of a quantum state.
• Designed to be less vulnerable to environmental disturbances and operational errors.
• Can significantly reduce the need for extensive error correction.

3. Quantum Coherence

• The duration for which a qubit retains its quantum state.
• Longer coherence times allow more quantum operations before information is lost.
• A key benchmark for quantum computer performance.

4. Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computer

• A quantum computer capable of Detecting errors, Correcting them automatically, Continuing computations reliably despite noise and imperfections.
• Considered essential for solving large-scale real-world problems.

Why is Majorana 2 Significant?

• Addresses one of the biggest challenges in quantum computing: qubit instability.
• Longer coherence times improve computational reliability.
• Could accelerate progress in fields such as Drug discovery, Materials science, Cryptography, Climate modelling, Complex optimisation problems.
• Advances the global race toward commercially viable quantum computers.

Zojila Tunnel Breakthrough Completes Excavation, Boosting All-Weather Connectivity to Ladakh

Context

The Zojila Tunnel has achieved its final breakthrough, marking the completion of its excavation phase.

About Zojila Tunnel

• A 13.15-km single-tube, bi-directional road tunnel being constructed beneath the Zojila Pass.
• Built using the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), which is suitable for tunnelling through fragile and geologically complex Himalayan terrain.
• Located at an altitude of 11,578 feet.
• Connects Baltal in Jammu & Kashmir with Meenamarg in Ladakh.

Strategic Importance

• Provides all-weather connectivity between the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh.
• Reduces travel time across Zojila from nearly 3 hours to about 15 minutes.
• Ensures uninterrupted civilian movement, tourism, trade, and emergency services throughout the year.
• Strengthens military logistics and rapid troop deployment toward the Line of Actual Control, enhancing border preparedness.

About Zojila Pass

• Zojila Pass is a high-altitude mountain pass in the Great Himalayan Range.
• Lies on National Highway-1 (NH-1) and serves as the gateway linking the Kashmir Valley with Ladakh.
• Traditionally remains closed for nearly six months every year due to heavy snowfall, avalanches, and harsh winter conditions.

World Oceans Day 2026: Global Call to Reimagine Humanity’s Relationship with the Ocean

World Oceans Day was observed on 8 June 2026 under the theme “Reimagine: Beyond the world we know, a new relationship with our ocean,” highlighting the need for transformative action against growing human-induced pressures on marine ecosystems.

• The observance promotes awareness of the ocean’s vital role in sustaining life, regulating climate, supporting biodiversity, and underpinning global livelihoods.
• The theme emphasises rebuilding a sustainable and responsible relationship with oceans amid challenges such as marine pollution, overfishing, habitat degradation, ocean warming, and acidification.
• The idea was first proposed by Canada at the Earth Summit in 1992.
• It was officially recognised by the United Nations General Assembly in 2008 and is observed annually on 8 June worldwide.

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