11 June 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Menstrual Protection in India: Progress in Access, Persistent Gaps in Equity and Dignity

Context

Kerala’s proposed “Project Menstrual Dignity”, which offers up to three days of optional monthly menstrual leave for schoolgirls, has renewed attention on menstrual health, protection, and dignity in India.

Menstrual Leave Policies in India

• The Supreme Court has recognised Menstrual Health and Hygiene (MHH) as an integral component of the Right to Life under Article 21, while leaving menstrual leave policy decisions to governments and institutions.
• Bihar became India’s first state to introduce menstrual leave (1992), granting two days of paid leave per month to female government employees.
• Karnataka became the first state to extend a statutory one-day paid monthly menstrual leave to eligible women in both public and private sectors.
• Kerala pioneered menstrual leave in higher education by relaxing attendance requirements for female university students.

Current Status of Menstrual Protection

• Use of hygienic menstrual protection among women aged 15–24 increased from about 58% (NFHS-4) to 79.2% (NFHS-6).
• Significant disparities persist – Urban usage: 89.4%, Rural usage: 72.3%, Lowest wealth quintile: 53.6%, Highest wealth quintile: 94.8%
• Usage rises sharply with education, from 43.5% among women with no schooling to 90.3% among those with 12+ years of education.
• Only 27.7% of young women enjoy access to all essential menstrual hygiene components—hygienic products, private toilets, water availability, and soap.
• Menstruation continues to affect educational outcomes, with many girls missing school regularly and a significant proportion dropping out after menarche.

Key Challenges

• Coverage Gaps: School-based programmes often exclude out-of-school adolescents, particularly from vulnerable communities.
• Awareness Deficit: A large proportion of girls remain uninformed about menstruation before their first menstrual cycle.
• Affordability Constraints: Reusable cloth remains widely used due to lower costs, while adoption of sustainable alternatives such as menstrual cups remains extremely limited.
• Infrastructure Deficiencies: Lack of private sanitation facilities, water, and disposal mechanisms hinders safe menstrual management.
• Transparency Concerns: Absence of mandatory disclosure of sanitary pad ingredients raises health and consumer-right concerns.
• Social Stigma: Cultural taboos continue to restrict open discussion, awareness, and access to menstrual health services.

Government Initiatives

• Menstrual Hygiene Scheme (MHS): Provides subsidised sanitary napkins to rural adolescent girls through ASHA workers.
• Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP): Supplies affordable biodegradable Suvidha sanitary pads through Janaushadhi Kendras.
• UGC Guidelines: Mandate installation of sanitary napkin vending machines and disposal facilities in higher educational institutions.
• Swachh Bharat Mission–Gramin: Supports local production and disposal infrastructure through self-help groups.
• National Menstrual Hygiene Policy: Promotes coordinated action on affordability, awareness, sanitation infrastructure, and sustainable waste management.
• GST Exemption: Removal of GST on sanitary pads has helped reduce retail costs and improve accessibility.

Why Menstrual Protection Matters

• Ensures health, dignity, and bodily autonomy of women and girls.
• Improves school attendance and educational outcomes.
• Advances gender equality and women's workforce participation.
• Contributes to achieving SDGs related to health, education, gender equality, sanitation, and reduced inequalities.

Legal Personhood for Nature: A Rights-Based Approach to Ecological Protection

Context

Growing environmental crises—including landslides, forest fires, glacier retreat, and ecological degradation in Himalayan and hill regions—have revived debates on granting legal personhood to natural ecosystems.

What is Legal Personhood for Nature?

• Legal personhood grants a natural entity—such as a river, forest, mountain, or ecosystem—the status of a legal person with enforceable rights under law.
• Such entities can be represented by designated guardians who can initiate legal action, seek protection orders, and challenge activities causing ecological harm.
• The approach shifts nature from being treated merely as property to being recognised as a rights-bearing entity.

Global Precedents

1. New Zealand is regarded as a leading example of this model:

• Whanganui River was granted legal personhood in 2017.
• Te Urewera and Mount Taranaki were also accorded special legal status.

2. Ecuador became the first country to constitutionally recognise the Rights of Nature (Pacha Mama) in 2008, affirming nature's right to exist, regenerate, and flourish.

India’s Experience

1. In 2017, the Uttarakhand High Court declared the Ganga River and Yamuna River as legal persons and later extended the concept to the Himalayan ecosystem.

2. Implementation Challenges:

• The State was designated as guardian of the ecosystems.
• This created a conflict of interest, as government agencies could simultaneously act as developers, regulators, and protectors.
• Practical questions regarding liability, enforcement, and administrative accountability remained unresolved.

Why Himalayan and Hill Regions Need Enhanced Protection

• Ecological Fragility: Increasing landslides, flash floods, soil erosion, forest fires, and water scarcity.
• Climate Change: Glacier retreat, biodiversity loss, and more frequent extreme weather events.
• Unsustainable Development: Unregulated tourism, excessive infrastructure construction, encroachment on river corridors, and disregard for carrying-capacity limits.
• Recent Warning Signs: Joshimath Land Subsidence, 2013 Kedarnath Disaster, Degradation of Nainital Lake, Recurring forest fires in the Nilgiri Hills

Proposed Institutional Mechanism: Independent Guardian Councils

A proposed alternative is the creation of independent guardian councils comprising Environmental scientists, Geologists, Forest and biodiversity experts, Disaster-management specialists, Local community representatives, Court-appointed legal guardians

Potential Functions

• Enforce ecological safeguards and environmental laws.
• Regulate tourism based on scientific carrying-capacity assessments.
• Monitor developmental activities in sensitive zones.
• Represent ecosystems in judicial and administrative proceedings.
• Ensure long-term ecological protection independent of political and electoral pressures.

Significance

• Strengthens environmental governance through a rights-based framework.
• Enhances accountability for ecological damage.
• Provides vulnerable ecosystems with direct legal representation.
• Aligns conservation efforts with principles of sustainable development and intergenerational equity.

SIPRI Yearbook 2026: Global Military Spending Hits Record High Amid Rising Geopolitical Tensions

Context

The SIPRI Yearbook 2026 highlights accelerating military expenditure, growing interstate conflicts, and continued nuclear modernization worldwide.

About SIPRI Yearbook

• Published annually since 1969 by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
• Provides comprehensive data and analysis on Military expenditure, Arms transfers and trade, Nuclear arsenals, Armed conflicts and security trends

Key Global Findings

• Global military expenditure reached a record $2.9 trillion in 2025, marking the 11th consecutive year of growth.
• Military spending accounted for approximately 2.5% of global GDP.
• The 15 largest military spenders were responsible for nearly 80% of total global military expenditure.
• Top Military Spenders (2025): United States, China, Russia, Germany, India
• Interstate armed conflicts increased from three in 2024 to six in 2025, contributing to the displacement of about 117.3 million people by mid-2025.
• The world's nine nuclear-armed states collectively possessed around 12,187 nuclear warheads.
  - About 80% remained in military stockpiles.
  - Nearly 18% were maintained on high operational alert.

India-Specific Findings

• India ranked as the fifth-largest military spender globally.
• Defence expenditure reached approximately $92.1 billion, representing an 8.9% increase over the previous year.
• India remained the second-largest importer of major arms, accounting for 8.2% of global arms imports, behind Ukraine.

India’s Nuclear Arsenal

• India’s estimated nuclear stockpile increased from 180 warheads in 2025 to 190 warheads in 2026.
• SIPRI assessed that around 12 warheads were deployed during peacetime for the first time.
• This suggests a possible evolution in India's nuclear posture, moving away from the traditional practice of keeping warheads and delivery systems separated during peacetime.

Istanbul Platform to Accelerate Global Zero-Waste Climate Action

Context

The Istanbul Platform: Zero Waste Package to Accelerate Climate Action was launched at the Zero Waste Forum in Istanbul during a strategic coordination meeting of the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action (MPGCA). The initiative seeks to strengthen coordination and implementation of zero-waste solutions ahead of COP31.

Key Highlights of the Istanbul Platform

• Aims to integrate zero-waste practices into the global climate action agenda.
• Focuses on enhancing collaboration among governments, cities, businesses, investors, and civil society.
• Supports implementation-oriented climate action by linking waste reduction with emissions mitigation.
• Designed to accelerate delivery of practical solutions in the run-up to COP31 in Antalya, Türkiye.

About the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action (MPGCA)

• A formal framework under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• Established in 2016 at COP22.
• Mobilises climate action by non-Party stakeholders, including cities, regions, businesses, investors, and civil society organisations.
• Seeks to bridge the gap between international climate negotiations and on-ground implementation.

About the Zero Waste Forum

• An international platform promoting sustainable consumption, resource efficiency, and waste reduction.
• Brings together policymakers, urban authorities, innovators, industry leaders, and community stakeholders.
• Organised by the Zero Waste Foundation in Istanbul, Türkiye.
• Works towards advancing global transition to a circular and zero-waste economy.

Additional Facts

• The International Day of Zero Waste is observed annually on 30 March, following its proclamation by the United Nations General Assembly in 2022.
• The UN considers waste a key component of the “triple planetary crisis”: Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, Pollution and Waste

Trust Deficit Clouds India–Bangladesh Relations Amid Political Transition in Dhaka

Context

India–Bangladesh relations are experiencing a growing trust deficit following Bangladesh’s 2024 political upheaval and the election of Tarique Rahman in early 2026.

Key Factors Behind the Trust Deficit

• Trade Frictions: India’s withdrawal of transhipment facilities for Bangladeshi exports to third countries and continuing restrictions on readymade garment exports have generated economic concerns in Bangladesh.
• Visa and Mobility Restrictions: Delays in issuing business, tourist, and medical visas have weakened people-to-people exchanges and contributed to negative public perceptions.
• Water-Sharing Concerns: The impending expiry of the 1996 Ganga Water Treaty in December 2026 has heightened concerns regarding water security, irrigation, and river management.
• Illegal Migration and Border Issues: Disputes over unauthorised migration, alleged push-ins, and unfenced stretches of the 4,096-km border continue to strain bilateral coordination.
• Hasina Factor: The continued presence of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in India and related political narratives remain sensitive issues in Bangladesh’s domestic politics.

Why Bangladesh Matters to India

• Strategic Gateway: Bangladesh is central to India’s Neighbourhood First and Act East policies, providing critical connectivity to the Northeast and reducing dependence on the vulnerable Siliguri Corridor.
• Internal Security Cooperation: Effective collaboration is essential to prevent cross-border insurgency, terrorism, smuggling, and organised crime.
• Economic Importance: Bangladesh is India’s largest trading partner in South Asia, offering significant opportunities for trade, investment, and regional value chains through platforms such as BIMSTEC.
• Maritime and Strategic Cooperation: Cooperation in the Bay of Bengal strengthens maritime security and helps balance growing extra-regional influence in the region.
• Energy Connectivity: Initiatives such as the India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline enhance energy security, regional integration, and cross-border power cooperation.

Powerful Earthquake Strikes Near Mindanao Island, Philippines

Context

A strong earthquake recently occurred off Mindanao Island, highlighting the region's vulnerability to seismic activity.

About Mindanao Island

• Second-largest island in the Philippines after Luzon.
• Located in the southern part of the Philippine archipelago.
• Popularly known as the “Food Basket of Philippines” due to its extensive agricultural production.
• Major producer of rice, maize, bananas, pineapples, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities.

About the Philippines

• An archipelagic country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean.
• Surrounded by Philippine Sea (east), Celebes Sea (south), Sulu Sea (southwest), South China Sea (west)

Why is the Philippines Highly Earthquake-Prone?

• Lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of intense tectonic activity.
• Located near multiple converging tectonic plates, including the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
• Experiences frequent Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis

Sea of Azov: Strategic Flashpoint in the Russia–Ukraine Conflict

Context

Ukraine has claimed to have struck five vessels operating in the Sea of Azov and Russian-occupied Ukrainian waters.

About the Sea of Azov

• A shallow inland sea situated between Ukraine and Russia.
• Connected to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait.
• Primarily fed by Don and Donets River.
• Due to substantial river inflow, it has relatively low salinity compared to most seas.
• It is among the world’s shallowest seas, with an average depth of about 7 metres.

Strategic Importance

• Provides maritime access to major ports such as Mariupol and Berdyansk
• Supports regional trade, shipping, fisheries, and military logistics.
• The Kerch Strait serves as the only maritime gateway between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea.

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