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11 September 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exam.

Marital Rape in India

Why in News?

The Supreme Court is examining petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the marital rape exception under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023.
The case raises important questions concerning consent, bodily autonomy, gender justice, privacy, dignity, and the constitutional status of marriage.

Existing Legal Position in India

1. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023

Exception 2 to Section 63 excludes from the offence of rape any sexual act by a man with his own wife, provided the wife is 18 years of age or above, even when the act is non-consensual.
Section 67 criminalises non-consensual sexual intercourse with a wife who is living separately from her husband under a decree, custom, or otherwise.
The punishment ranges from two to seven years of imprisonment, which is lower than the punishment prescribed for rape.
Section 85 deals with cruelty by a husband or his relatives but does not specifically create an offence of marital sexual violence.

2. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

Recognises sexual abuse within a domestic relationship as a form of domestic violence.
However, the legislation primarily provides civil remedies, including protection and residence-related orders, rather than treating marital rape itself as a separate criminal offence.

Prevalence and Available Data

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) does not maintain a separate category specifically for marital rape.
In 2024, cruelty by husband or his relatives constituted the largest category of reported crimes against women, accounting for 27.2%.
NFHS-5 indicates that nearly 29% of ever-married women aged 18–49 have experienced spousal physical, sexual or emotional violence.

Arguments in Favour of Criminalising Marital Rape

1. Violation of Article 14 – Equality Before Law

The exception creates a legal distinction between married and unmarried women in relation to sexual consent.
Critics argue that such differential treatment amounts to arbitrary discrimination and denies married women equal protection of the law.

2. Violation of Article 21 – Life, Liberty and Dignity

The right to life and personal liberty encompasses privacy, dignity, bodily integrity and decisional autonomy.
Marriage, it is argued, cannot be treated as a blanket or perpetual consent to sexual relations.

3. Rejection of the Doctrine of Coverture

The marital rape exception is criticised as reflecting the outdated notion of coverture, under which a married woman’s independent legal personality and autonomy were historically subordinated to that of her husband.
Removing the exception would reinforce the principle that marriage does not extinguish individual rights.

4. J.S. Verma Committee Recommendations

Constituted following the 2012 Nirbhaya case, the Committee recommended removing the marital rape exception.
It emphasised that marriage should not be construed as an irrevocable consent to sexual activity.

5. International Human Rights Perspective

Marital rape has been criminalised in a large number of countries.
India has also faced scrutiny from international human-rights mechanisms, including the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), regarding the continued existence of the exception.

Arguments Against Criminalisation

1. Protection of the Institution of Marriage

The Union Government has argued that criminalising marital rape could potentially affect the stability of marriage and result in greater state intervention in private marital relationships.

2. Difficulty in Establishing Lack of Consent

Establishing the absence of consent within an ongoing marital relationship may create significant evidentiary and investigative challenges for criminal courts.

3. Possibility of Misuse

Concerns have been raised that the provision could potentially be misused in matrimonial disputes, particularly during divorce or separation proceedings.
This argument is sometimes compared with concerns surrounding the alleged misuse of Section 498A of the IPC, which dealt with cruelty by a husband or his relatives.

4. Doctrine of Intelligible Differentia

Opponents contend that marriage constitutes a legally recognised relationship involving mutual obligations and expectations.
On this view, the distinctive nature of marriage could provide a basis for treating marital and non-marital sexual relationships differently, provided the classification satisfies constitutional requirements.

Constitutional Issue at the Core

The central question is whether marital status can constitutionally justify an exception to the general principle that sexual intercourse without consent constitutes rape.
The debate therefore involves balancing:
- Individual bodily autonomy vs. marital expectations
- Gender equality vs. concerns of misuse
- Individual dignity vs. institutional stability
- Criminal-law protection vs. evidentiary practicality

India–BRICS Trade: Rising Trade Volumes Amid a Widening Deficit

Why in News?

India’s merchandise trade with BRICS economies has expanded substantially, but the growth has been highly asymmetric.
While overall trade more than doubled between FY2021 and FY2026, India’s imports grew far faster than its exports, resulting in a sharp increase in the trade deficit.

Key Trade Trends

1. Rapid Expansion in Bilateral Trade

India’s total goods trade with BRICS increased from $203.1 billion in FY2021 to $417.5 billion in FY2026.
The trade volume therefore more than doubled during the period.

2. Rising Import Dependence

The share of BRICS countries in India’s total imports rose from 35.2% to 41.5%.
In contrast, their share in India’s exports marginally declined from 22% to 21.7%.

3. UAE Emerges as Major Export Destination

The UAE was India’s largest BRICS export market in FY2026.
India’s exports to the UAE stood at around $37.4 billion, followed by China at $19.5 billion.

4. China Remains the Dominant Supplier

China continues to be India’s largest source of imports within the BRICS grouping.
India’s imports from China increased from $65.2 billion to $131.6 billion.
China alone accounted for approximately 41% of India’s total imports from BRICS.

Major Concerns

1. Exports Growing Much Slower than Imports

India’s exports to BRICS rose by 48.8% to $95.7 billion.
During the same period, imports surged by 131.8% to $321.8 billion.
This divergence indicates an increasingly import-intensive trade relationship.

2. Sharp Widening of Trade Deficit

India’s trade deficit with BRICS expanded from $74.5 billion in FY2021 to $226.1 billion in FY2026.
The deficit therefore increased more than threefold over the period.

3. Concentration Risk in Imports

China, the UAE and Russia together accounted for nearly 84% of India’s BRICS imports.
Such concentration increases India’s exposure to supply-chain disruptions, geopolitical tensions and external economic shocks.

Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI)

Why in News?

The PM SHRI Scheme, launched in September 2022, is aimed at transforming selected government schools into model institutions aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
The initiative focuses on improving school infrastructure, teaching-learning practices, inclusivity, sustainability and 21st-century skills among students.

About PM SHRI Scheme

1. Nature of the Scheme

PM SHRI is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme being implemented during 2022–23 to 2026–27.
It seeks to upgrade more than 14,500 existing schools into exemplar institutions based on the principles of NEP 2020.
Selected schools are also intended to serve as mentoring institutions for neighbouring schools.

2. Implementing Ministry

Implemented by the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education.
The School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) is used for assessing and monitoring the performance and quality of PM SHRI schools.

Funding Pattern

General States and UTs with Legislature: Centre–State ratio of 60:40.
North-Eastern and Himalayan States and Jammu & Kashmir: Centre–State ratio of 90:10.
UTs without Legislature: 100% Central funding.

Six Key Pillars

Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment
Access and Infrastructure
Human Resources and School Leadership
Inclusive Practices and Gender Equity
Management, Monitoring and Governance
Beneficiary Satisfaction

Eligibility and Selection

1. Eligible Institutions

Existing elementary and secondary/senior secondary schools operated by Central Government, State Governments, Union Territories, Local bodies
Schools must possess a valid UDISE+ code.

2. Selection through Challenge Mode

Schools are selected through a Challenge Mode.
A maximum of two schools per block or Urban Local Body (ULB) can be selected One elementary school and One secondary/senior secondary school

Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs)

Why in News?

The final three stretches of the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC) were inaugurated, marking the full operationalisation of India’s 2,843-km dedicated freight rail network.
The development strengthens India’s freight infrastructure by enabling faster, higher-capacity and more reliable movement of goods through dedicated rail routes.

What are Dedicated Freight Corridors?

DFCs are electrified, high-capacity railway routes exclusively designed for freight movement.
They are equipped to handle Double-stack container trains, Heavy-haul freight trains, Higher axle loads and longer freight formations
The primary objective is to separate freight operations from passenger services on conventional railway lines.

Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited (DFCCIL)

DFCCIL is a Special Purpose Vehicle under the Ministry of Railways.
It was established in 2006 to undertake the planning, construction and operation of dedicated freight corridors.

Funding

DFC development has been supported through government equity as well as multilateral financing.
Eastern DFC: Supported by the World Bank.
Western DFC: Supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Major Freight Corridors

1. Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (EDFC)

Length: 1,337 km
Route: Ludhiana to Sonnagar
Status: Completed in February 2024
Primary Focus: Coal transportation, Steel and other domestic freight commodities

2. Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC)

Length: 1,506 km
Route: Dadri to Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT)
Status: Fully commissioned by March 2026
Primary Focus: Export-import (EXIM) container traffic, Connecting major industrial and port-based freight centres

3. Freight Traffic and Expansion

The Union Budget 2026 announced an East–West Dedicated Freight Corridor connecting Dankuni and Surat.
Proposals for East Coast and North–South freight corridors are also under consideration.

Significance for India

1. Lower Logistics Costs

DFCs can reduce the cost and time involved in transporting goods over long distances.
Lower logistics costs can improve the price competitiveness of Indian exports in international markets.

2. Decongestion of Conventional Rail Network

Shifting heavy freight operations to dedicated tracks releases capacity on existing railway routes.
This can facilitate the introduction of additional passenger services and improve passenger-train operations.

3. Strengthening Industrial Connectivity

DFCs provide critical freight linkages to major industrial and manufacturing clusters.
They support projects such as the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor and facilitate the development of multimodal logistics parks and integrated economic centres.

4. Boost to Rail Freight and Revenue

Increased freight movement through dedicated corridors can enhance the freight-earning potential of Indian Railways.
Faster and more predictable cargo movement also improves supply-chain efficiency for industries.

5. Environmental Benefits

Electrified freight railways can shift long-distance cargo from road transport to rail, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
Greater reliance on electrified rail freight can contribute to India’s broader decarbonisation efforts and Net-Zero emissions target for 2070.

MatsyaMetri App

Why in News?

The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) has developed MatsyaMetri, a smartphone-based application designed to simplify the collection of fish biometric data.
The application can estimate the length and width of fish from photographs, eliminating the need to physically handle individual specimens.

Key Features of MatsyaMetri

1. Image-Based Fish Measurement

Uses smartphone photographs to determine the length and width of fish.
Enables measurements without directly handling the fish.

2. Support for Fisheries Research

Developed primarily for Fisheries scientists, Researchers, Field survey teams
Facilitates rapid, standardised and systematic collection of biological data.

3. Applications

The collected biometric information can support Fish stock assessment, Fisheries resource monitoring, Scientific fisheries management, Evidence-based conservation strategies

About Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)

Headquarters: Kochi, Kerala
Established: 1947
Initially established under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
Subsequently became part of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) system.
Major Research Areas: Marine capture fisheries, Marine aquaculture and culture fisheries, Fish stock assessment, Marine biodiversity, Health of coastal ecosystems

Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)

Why in News?

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has approved a plan to upgrade 300 priority Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) by March 2027.
The government also plans to establish entrepreneurship and skill-development centres across all KVKs by December 2028.
The initiative seeks to strengthen the role of KVKs in technology transfer, farmer training, skill development and agricultural extension.

About Krishi Vigyan Kendras

Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) are district-level frontline agricultural extension institutions that connect agricultural research with farming communities.
They form an important component of the National Agricultural Research System (NARS).
KVKs are fully funded by the Central Government through the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
KVKs primarily seek to Assess and refine agricultural technologies under local conditions.
- Demonstrate improved agricultural practices at the field level.
- Facilitate the transfer of scientific knowledge and technologies from research institutions to farmers.
- Address location-specific agricultural challenges through practical demonstrations and training.

Origin and Institutional Structure

First KVK: Established in 1974 at Puducherry.
Basis: Its establishment followed the recommendations of the Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta Committee.
Coordination:
- KVKs function under one of the 11 Agricultural Technology Application Research Institutes (ATARIs).
- They may be hosted by State Agricultural Universities, Central Agricultural Universities, ICAR institutions, State Governments, Non-Governmental Organisations, Public Sector Undertakings

Major Functions of KVKs

1. Technology Assessment and Demonstration

Conduct on-farm testing of new crop varieties, fertilisers, agricultural machinery and other technologies.
Demonstrate improved agricultural practices and technologies to farmers.

2. Capacity Building

Provide training to Farmers, Rural women, Rural youth, Agricultural extension personnel

3. Agricultural Input and Advisory Support

Facilitate access to quality seeds and planting materials, Undertake soil testing, Provide diagnostic services and farm-level technical advisories.

Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD)

Why in News?

Nepal’s Ministry of Finance submitted a formal request to the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD) following the August 2026 flash floods triggered by glacial collapse.
The development highlights the growing importance of dedicated international finance for countries facing irreversible and severe impacts of climate change.

What is the FRLD?

The Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD), popularly known as the Loss and Damage Fund, is a UN-backed climate-finance mechanism.
It provides financial support to developing countries facing climate-related losses and damages.
It addresses impacts that go beyond what can be prevented through mitigation or managed through adaptation.

Loss and Damage: Key Distinction

Mitigation: Actions aimed at reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and limiting future climate change.
Adaptation: Measures undertaken to adjust to climate impacts and reduce vulnerability.
Loss and Damage: Addresses economic and non-economic impacts that occur despite mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Evolution of the Fund

COP27, Sharm el-Sheikh (2022): Countries agreed to establish a dedicated mechanism for addressing loss and damage in vulnerable developing countries.
COP28, Dubai (2023): The FRLD was formally operationalised.
Interim Arrangements: The World Bank serves as the interim host and trustee of the Fund for a four-year period, extending up to COP33 in 2028.

Governance Structure

The Fund is governed by a 26-member Governing Board.
Representation comprises:
- 14 members from developing countries
- 12 members from developed countries
Decisions are taken through consensus.

What Does the Fund Cover?

The FRLD covers both economic and non-economic losses arising from climate change.

1. Quantifiable/Economic Losses

Damage to infrastructure, Destruction of homes, Loss of crops and agricultural assets

2. Non-Quantifiable/Non-Economic Losses

Damage to cultural heritage, Displacement of communities, Other social and cultural impacts

3. Types of Climate Events

Sudden-onset disasters such as floods and extreme weather events.
Slow-onset processes, including gradual climate-related changes.

Funding and Access

Under the Barbados Implementation Modalities (BIM), the Fund's start-up phase provides approximately $5–20 million per project.
Funding is accessed through accredited entities that can submit proposals on behalf of eligible countries.

Funding Challenge

Although international pledges to the Fund had reached approximately $822 million by mid-2026, only around $350 million had been allocated for disbursement.
This remains significantly below the estimated $2.8 billion requirement, highlighting the continuing climate-finance gap faced by vulnerable developing countries.

FRLD and Other Loss-and-Damage Mechanisms

1. Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM)

Established at COP19, Warsaw (2013).
It was the first major mechanism under the UNFCCC dedicated to addressing loss and damage.
Primarily focuses on knowledge generation, coordination and technical understanding, rather than providing direct financial assistance.

2. Santiago Network

Established at COP25, Madrid (2019).
Provides technical assistance and capacity-building support to developing countries dealing with loss and damage.

3. FRLD

The FRLD complements these mechanisms by providing the financial component needed to respond to climate-related losses and damages.

Cell Broadcast System (CBS)

Why in News?

The Cell Broadcast System (CBS) has been resumed in India after being temporarily paused.
The technology is important for strengthening real-time emergency communication and disaster-warning capabilities across geographically defined areas.

What is Cell Broadcast System?

CBS is an emergency alert technology that enables authorities to simultaneously send messages to a large number of mobile devices located within a specified geographical area.
Unlike conventional person-to-person messaging, it allows authorities to broadcast the same warning to multiple users at once.

Key Features

1. Area-Specific Alerts

Messages can be transmitted to mobile users within a predefined geographical zone.
This makes CBS particularly useful during natural disasters and other emergencies.

2. Works Without Internet Connectivity

CBS does not require Mobile data, Wi-Fi, Dedicated mobile applications
Alerts can therefore reach users even when internet-based communication is unavailable.

3. Multi-Generation Network Compatibility

The system operates across 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G networks.
It uses standard messaging protocols supported by major mobile handset manufacturers globally.

4. Indigenous Technology

The Indian CBS solution has been developed by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT).
Development has been undertaken in collaboration with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the Ministry of Home Affairs.

5. Integration with SACHET

CBS is integrated with the SACHET platform, which is based on the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP).
This integration enables the dissemination of standardised and location-specific disaster alerts through mobile networks.

6. Applications

Floods and flash floods, Cyclones and severe weather, Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Other public-safety and emergency situations

TRISHNA Mission

Why in News?

The Indo-French TRISHNA mission is scheduled for launch aboard ISRO’s PSLV.
The mission represents a major collaboration between ISRO and France’s CNES (Centre National d’Études Spatiales) for high-resolution monitoring of Earth’s surface temperature, water resources and environmental processes.

About TRISHNA

TRISHNA stands for Thermal Infra-Red Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment.
It is a joint Earth-observation mission of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), France
The satellite is designed to provide detailed observations of land-surface temperature, water stress and terrestrial ecosystems.

Key Objectives

1. Monitoring Water and Energy Budgets

Measure terrestrial energy and water fluxes.
Help assess water stress and patterns of water use.

2. Urban and Geological Monitoring

Study urban heat islands through high-resolution thermal observations.
Identify thermal anomalies associated with volcanic activity.
Support the assessment of geothermal resources.

3. Cryosphere Monitoring

Track snowmelt and associated runoff.
Monitor changes in glaciers and their dynamics.

4. Atmospheric Observations

Generate information on Aerosol optical depth, Atmospheric water vapour, Cloud characteristics and cover

Major Payloads

1. Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) Payload

Developed by: CNES, France
Equipped with a four-channel long-wave infrared imaging sensor.
Designed to provide high-resolution measurements of Land-surface temperature and Surface emissivity

2. VNIR-SWIR Payload

Developed by: ISRO
VNIR-SWIR stands for Visible–Near Infra-Red–Short Wave Infra-Red.
Incorporates seven spectral bands for detailed observation and mapping of surface reflectance.

Orbit and Mission Profile

Launch Vehicle: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
Orbit: Sun-synchronous orbit
Orbital Altitude: Approximately 761 km
Planned Operational Life: 5 years

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