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2 September 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exam.

India Rejects Hague Court’s Indus Waters Treaty Ruling

Why in News?

The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), The Hague, ruled that the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960 remains in force and issued an order concerning interim measures related to the Ratle Hydroelectric Power Project. India rejected the proceedings, questioning the tribunal’s jurisdiction and constitution.

India’s Position

India has rejected the arbitration proceedings, maintaining that:
- The Court of Arbitration lacks jurisdiction under the IWT framework.
- The constitution of the tribunal itself was inconsistent with the Treaty.
Consequently, India does not accept the validity of the proceedings or the resulting directions.

Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

Established: 1899 through an international treaty.
Nature: Intergovernmental organisation providing arbitration and other dispute-resolution services.
Headquarters: Peace Palace, The Hague, Netherlands.
Function: Facilitates resolution of international disputes involving states and other entities through various arbitration mechanisms.

Indus Waters Treaty, 1960

Signed: 19 September 1960.
Parties: India and Pakistan.
Facilitated by: World Bank.
Signatories: Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan.

Water Allocation

Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) → India
Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) → Pakistan
Important Exception: Although the Western Rivers are allocated primarily to Pakistan, India retains specified rights over them, including hydroelectric power generation, subject to Treaty conditions.

Institutional Framework

Permanent Indus Commission (PIC)

Serves as the principal mechanism for information exchange, communication and cooperation under the Treaty.
Comprises one Commissioner from each country.

Dispute-Resolution Mechanism
Nature of Issue	Mechanism
Questions	Permanent Indus Commission
Differences	Neutral Expert
Disputes	Court of Arbitration

Role of the World Bank

The World Bank is a signatory to the Treaty for specified purposes.
It is not a guarantor of the IWT.
Its role in dispute settlement is primarily procedural, including appointments associated with the Neutral Expert and Court of Arbitration.

Northern Sea Route (NSR)

Why in News?

The Northern Sea Route (NSR) in the Arctic is gaining importance as a potential seasonal alternative to the Suez Canal for Asia–Europe maritime trade. It can shorten the sailing distance by up to 40% and potentially reduce transit time to around 18–20 days.

Key Features

1. Location & Extent

The NSR is an approximately 5,600-km maritime corridor running along Russia’s Arctic coastline.
It extends from the Kara Gate, between the Barents and Kara Seas, to the Bering Strait, separating Siberia from Alaska.

2. Strategic Significance

It represents the shortest maritime connection between Western Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific region.
Its growing navigability could reshape Asia–Europe shipping patterns and strengthen the strategic importance of the Arctic.

3. Major Ports

Important ports along the route include Sabetta, Dikson, Dudinka, Khatanga, Tiksi and Pevek.

Regulation & International Concerns

1. Russian Administration

Russia regulates navigation through the Northern Sea Route Administration.
Vessels may require prior authorization, while icebreaker support—particularly from nuclear-powered icebreakers—can involve additional charges.

2. Freedom of Navigation Debate

Western countries have raised concerns regarding Russia’s restrictions, referring to relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) concerning navigation through international straits.

Changing Arctic Navigability

The NSR was traditionally constrained by thick seasonal sea ice, limiting commercial navigation largely to a short summer window.
Declining Arctic sea ice is gradually extending the period during which portions of the route can be navigated.
This changing accessibility is increasing the NSR's relevance for global trade, energy transportation and Arctic geopolitics.

Atmanirbharta in Biofuel vs. Food Security

Why in News?

India’s expanding Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme has intensified concerns over the trade-off between energy self-reliance, food security, water availability and agricultural sustainability.

Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme

1. Nodal Ministry:

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.

2. Purpose:

Reduce dependence on imported crude oil.
Lower transport-sector emissions.
Create a stable market for agricultural feedstocks and improve farmer incomes.

3. Procurement Mechanism:

Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) procure ethanol from private and cooperative distilleries.
Procurement prices vary according to the feedstock used.

4. Feedstock Diversification:

Initially centred on molasses, ethanol procurement was subsequently expanded.
The National Biofuels Policy, 2018 enabled the use of sugarcane juice, surplus FCI rice, maize and damaged foodgrains.

Major Benefits

Energy Security: Helps reduce India’s dependence on imported petroleum.
Economic Gains: The programme has generated substantial foreign-exchange savings and payments to farmers and distilleries.
Environmental Benefits: Greater ethanol blending can reduce lifecycle greenhouse-gas emissions from transport.
Agricultural Market: Provides an additional and relatively stable demand channel for selected farm commodities.

Food–Fuel Trade-off

1. Sugar Availability:

Greater diversion of sugarcane juice and B-heavy molasses towards ethanol production can reduce sugar availability.
This may contribute to upward pressure on domestic sugar prices.

2. Livestock Feed:

Increased use of maize for ethanol can reduce its availability for animal feed.
Higher feed costs may consequently affect prices of poultry, eggs and dairy products.

3. Water Stress:

Sugarcane is a water-intensive crop.
Expansion of sugarcane-based ethanol production can intensify groundwater pressure, particularly in water-stressed regions.

4. Soil Health:

Persistent cultivation of a narrow range of ethanol-oriented crops can encourage monocropping and undermine soil fertility.

5. Nutritional Security:

Greater incentives for sugarcane, maize and rice may compete with land and resources needed for pulses and oilseeds.
This can potentially reinforce India’s dependence on imported edible oils and weaken dietary diversification.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)

Why in News?

India is strengthening its Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) ecosystem through the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) to promote indigenous technology, innovation and a self-reliant Viksit Bharat.

What are Cyber-Physical Systems?

1. Definition:

CPS are intelligent systems created through the integration of physical processes with computing, communication and digital technologies.

2. How They Work:

Sensors collect information from the physical environment.
Software and computing systems analyse the data.
Communication networks transmit information between connected components.
The system responds to changing physical conditions, often in real time.

Applications of CPS

Autonomous Vehicles: Driverless cars use sensors, software and real-time decision-making.
Smart Manufacturing: Smart factories can automatically adjust production processes based on operational conditions.
Healthcare: Connected medical devices continuously monitor patients and transmit health-related data.
Smart Buildings: Automated systems regulate lighting, temperature and other building functions according to real-time requirements.

National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS)

Objective: Create a national ecosystem for CPS research, technology development, innovation, entrepreneurship and applications.
Approval: The Union Cabinet approved the mission in 2018.
Financial Outlay: ₹3,660 crore over a nine-year period.
Implementing Agency: Department of Science and Technology (DST).

Key Components of NM-ICPS

1. Technology Innovation Hubs (TIHs)

The mission has established 25 Technology Innovation Hubs as Section 8 companies hosted by leading academic institutions.
Their major areas of work include Technology development; Human-resource and skill development; Innovation, entrepreneurship and start-up promotion; International collaboration

2. Technology Translation Research Parks (TTRPs)

In 2025, four high-performing TIHs were selected for support as TTRPs to accelerate the movement of research from laboratories towards practical applications.
Major focus areas: IIT Kanpur: Cybersecurity, IISc Bengaluru: Robotics and AI systems, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad: Mining technologies, IIT Indore: Digital healthcare

3. Technology and Intellectual Property

The mission had enabled 1,146 technologies and supported intellectual-property creation and technology licensing by August 2026.
It seeks to convert research outcomes into commercially viable technologies and strengthen India’s innovation ecosystem.

4. Human Resource Development

CHANAKYA Fellowship Programme supports researchers at different stages, including Undergraduate level, Postgraduate level, PhD, Postdoctoral research
The programme aims to develop specialised talent in emerging and interdisciplinary technologies.

5. Entrepreneurship and Commercialisation

NM-ICPS promotes research-based entrepreneurship by supporting the transition of innovations from the laboratory to the market.
It also encourages international technology partnerships and collaboration.

BharatGen under NM-ICPS

1. BharatGen:

It is supported under the NM-ICPS framework and focuses on developing sovereign AI capabilities suited to Indian languages and contexts.
Leadership: IIT Bombay, along with a consortium of academic institutions.

2. Major Models

Shrutam: Speech-to-text applications.
Sooktam: Text-to-speech models.
Patram: Multilingual access to complex Indian documents under the DocBodh framework.

3. Domain-Specific AI Models

Ayur Param: Ayurveda.
Agri Param: Agriculture.
Legal Param: Legal applications.

Significance for India

Technological Sovereignty: Reduces dependence on imported critical technologies.
Real-Time Intelligence: Enables physical infrastructure and machines to respond dynamically to changing conditions.
Industrial Transformation: Supports smart manufacturing, robotics, autonomous systems and advanced infrastructure.
Strategic Security: Strengthens capabilities in areas such as cybersecurity and critical technologies.
Inclusive AI: Initiatives such as BharatGen can expand AI applications across Indian languages and domain-specific requirements.

Pusa Rice DST1

Why in News?

India is preparing to commercially introduce Pusa Rice DST1, its first genome-edited rice variety, developed to improve rice productivity under drought and saline-soil conditions.

Pusa Rice DST1: Key Features

Developer: ICAR–Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
Parent Variety: MTU1010, widely cultivated in southern India, particularly during the Rabi season.
Technology Used: CRISPR-Cas9 with Site-Directed Nuclease-1 (SDN-1) gene-editing technology.
Target Gene: The Drought and Salt Tolerance (DST) gene was modified through targeted gene knockout.
Foreign DNA: No foreign genetic material was introduced, making it a non-transgenic genome-edited crop.

Major Advantages

1. Drought Tolerance:

Gene editing results in fewer leaf stomata, reducing transpiration and moisture loss.
This improves the plant’s ability to withstand water stress and can reduce irrigation requirements.

2. Salinity and Alkalinity Tolerance:

Performs better under saline and alkaline soil conditions.
Under stress conditions, it can produce approximately 10–30% higher yields than the parent MTU1010.

3. Resource Efficiency:

Reduced water requirements can support cultivation in water-stressed regions.
Better tolerance to soil stress can expand the productive use of degraded agricultural land.

Regulatory Significance

Since Pusa Rice DST1 does not contain foreign genetic material, it is classified as a non-transgenic genome-edited crop.
Such SDN-1-based genome editing can be treated differently from conventional GM crops under India’s regulatory framework.

DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala)

Developer: ICAR–Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Hyderabad.
Parent Variety: Samba Mahsuri (BPT 5204).
Gene-Editing Technology: CRISPR-Cas with SDN-1.
Target Gene: OsCKX2 (Gn1a), associated with grain-number regulation.
Foreign DNA: No foreign genetic material was introduced.

Key Benefits

Higher Productivity: Approximately 19% higher yield than the parent variety.
Early Maturity: Matures in around 130 days, approximately 20 days earlier than the parent.
Water Saving: Shorter crop duration can reduce irrigation requirements.
Lower Methane Emissions: Reduced cultivation duration and water requirements can help lower methane emissions from rice cultivation.
Lodging Resistance: Stronger culms improve resistance to lodging during strong winds.

Ramon Magsaysay Awards 2026

Why in News?

The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (RMAF) announced three laureates for the 68th Ramon Magsaysay Awards (2026), recognising their contributions to international law, community development and human rights.

2026 Ramon Magsaysay Awardees

1. Tommy Koh — Singapore

Profile: Veteran Singaporean diplomat and international law expert.
Contribution: Recognised for his significant role in advancing international law and global maritime governance.
Key Achievement: Presided over the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which culminated in the adoption of the convention.
UNCLOS: Often described as the “constitution for the oceans”, it establishes the international legal framework governing the use of the world's seas and oceans.

2. Runa Khan — Bangladesh

Profile: Social entrepreneur and founder of Friendship, a Bangladesh-based development organisation.
Contribution: Honoured for improving the lives of communities living in remote and disaster-prone riverine regions.
Major Initiatives:
- Floating hospitals providing healthcare services to isolated communities.
- Educational programmes for people living in difficult-to-reach areas.
- Community-based development initiatives aimed at strengthening local resilience.

3. Bo Kyi — Myanmar

Profile: Former political prisoner and human-rights activist.
Contribution: Recognised for his work in protecting and supporting political prisoners in Myanmar.
Key Organisation: Co-founded the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP).
Role of AAPP: Documents cases of political detention and provides assistance to prisoners and their families amid Myanmar's military rule.

About the Ramon Magsaysay Award

Established: 1957.
Named After: Ramon Magsaysay, the seventh President of the Philippines.
Institution: Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (RMAF).
Announcement: Traditionally announced in Manila on August 31, the birth anniversary of Ramon Magsaysay.
Recognition: Conferred on individuals and organisations demonstrating outstanding contributions to Asian societies.
Popular Description: Often regarded as “Asia’s Nobel Prize” because of its emphasis on transformative public service and social leadership.

Notable Indian Ramon Magsaysay Awardees
Year	Awardee	Contribution/Recognition
1958	Vinoba Bhave	Community leadership and social reform
1962	Mother Teresa	Humanitarian service
2023	R. Ravi Kannan	Cancer care and community-based healthcare
2025	Educate Girls	Education and empowerment of girls in rural India

Sone River Water-Sharing Agreement

Why in News?

Bihar and Jharkhand signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on sharing the waters of the Sone River, resolving a dispute that had continued for nearly 25 years since the creation of Jharkhand in 2000.

Key Provisions of the Agreement

Total allocation: The two States will divide the 7.75 million acre-feet (MAF) water allocation originally available to undivided Bihar under the 1973 Bansagar Accord.
Bihar: 5.75 MAF
Jharkhand: 2 MAF

Bansagar Accord, 1973

An inter-State agreement involving Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Focused on the development of the Sone River and arrangements for the operation and utilisation of water from the Bansagar Dam.
The agreement provided the framework for sharing the Sone's water among the participating States.

About the Sone River

The Sone (Son) River is the second-largest right-bank tributary of the Ganga, after the Yamuna.
It is an important river of the Ganga drainage system and supports irrigation, water supply and hydropower activities across central and eastern India.

1. Origin

Rises near the Amarkantak Plateau in the Maikal Range of central India.
Its source region is located close to the origin of the Narmada River.

2. Course

Initially flows broadly northwards, subsequently turning northeastwards.
Passes through Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar
Eventually joins the Ganga near Maner in Patna district, Bihar.
Sone Valley is geographically bounded by Kaimur Range — north and Chota Nagpur Plateau — south

Major Water Infrastructure on the Sone System

1. Bansagar Dam — Madhya Pradesh

A multipurpose river valley project on the Sone River.
Developed through cooperation among Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Important for irrigation, water management and power generation.

2. Rihand Dam — Uttar Pradesh

Constructed across the Rihand River, a major tributary of the Sone.
Forms Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar.
The reservoir is among India's major artificial water bodies and is noted for its very large storage capacity.

3. Indrapuri Barrage — Bihar

Located on the Sone River in Bihar.
Regulates river water and facilitates its diversion into the irrigation canal network.
Plays an important role in supporting agriculture in the Sone command area.

Fiscal Deficit Reaches 26.8% of FY 2026–27 Target

Why in News?

According to data released by the Controller General of Accounts (CGA), the Central Government’s fiscal deficit during April–July 2026 reached 26.8% of the budgeted full-year target for FY 2026–27.

Fiscal deficit target for FY 2026–27: 4.3% of GDP
Budgeted fiscal deficit in absolute terms: Approximately ₹16.96 lakh crore
Fiscal deficit during April–July 2026: 26.8% of the annual target

What is Fiscal Deficit?

Fiscal deficit represents the excess of the government’s total expenditure over its total receipts, excluding borrowings.
It reflects the amount the government needs to borrow to bridge the gap between its expenditure and non-borrowed receipts.
Formula: Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure − Total Receipts (excluding borrowings)

How is Fiscal Deficit Financed?

The government generally meets its fiscal deficit through:

Market borrowings, particularly through government securities.
Small savings and other domestic sources.
Other borrowing mechanisms available to the government.

Parameter	Primary Deficit	Effective Fiscal Deficit
Meaning	Fiscal deficit after removing interest payments on accumulated public debt.	Fiscal deficit after excluding grants provided specifically for creating capital assets.
Formula	Fiscal Deficit − Interest Payments	Fiscal Deficit − Grants for Creation of Capital Assets
What it indicates	Measures the government's current fiscal position without the burden of past debt servicing.	Provides a clearer picture of the net borrowing requirement after accounting for capital-asset-creating grants.

Why is Fiscal Deficit Important?

Indicates the extent of the government's borrowing requirement.
Helps assess the sustainability of public finances and government debt.
Excessive deficits may contribute to higher public debt and interest obligations.
A deficit directed towards productive capital expenditure can support economic growth and improve long-term productive capacity.

Hanging Glaciers

Why in News?

The recent flash flood in Nepal has highlighted growing concerns over Himalayan cryosphere instability, particularly the potential collapse of hanging glaciers and the cascading floods that can follow.

What are Hanging Glaciers?

1. Definition

Hanging glaciers are ice masses located on steep mountain slopes or cliffs that remain elevated above the main valley floor.
They generally form when a main valley glacier retreats and thins, leaving smaller tributary glaciers suspended above the newly deepened valley.

2. Climate Change Vulnerability

Rising temperatures accelerate glacier melting and can destabilise the underlying permafrost and rock.
Meltwater may accumulate beneath the ice, reducing friction and weakening the glacier’s attachment to the mountain slope.
This can increase the possibility of sudden glacier detachment.

Disaster Cascade

A hanging-glacier collapse can generate powerful ice–rock avalanches.
The displaced material may Block river channels, creating temporary lakes.
- Trigger Landslide Lake Outburst Floods (LLOFs) when such natural barriers subsequently fail.
- Impact existing glacial lakes and potentially cause Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).
These cascading events can transport enormous quantities of ice, rocks, sediment & water downstream.

Why are Himalayan Regions Particularly Vulnerable?

High Seismicity: Earthquakes can destabilise already-fragile slopes and glaciers.
Climate Warming: Accelerated melting affects glaciers and permafrost stability.
Infrastructure Exposure: Hydropower projects, tunnels and highways—including NH-7—can face amplified risks when unstable mountain slopes fail.
Transboundary Impact: Floodwaters originating in the high Himalayas can rapidly cross national boundaries, creating risks for downstream communities and infrastructure.

Chile

Why in News?

India has reaffirmed its intention to conclude negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Chile by the end of 2026, with the proposed pact aimed at strengthening bilateral trade and economic cooperation.

Chile: Geographical Profile

Capital: Santiago
Location: Southwestern South America, along the Pacific Ocean.
Chile is one of the world's most geographically elongated and narrow countries:
Chile shares land borders with: Peru — North, Bolivia — Northeast, Argentina — East
The Drake Passage lies to the south, separating the southern tip of South America from Antarctica.

Major Geographical Features

1. Atacama Desert

Located in northern Chile.
Considered the driest non-polar desert on Earth.
Its extreme aridity is influenced by factors including the cold Humboldt Current, subtropical high pressure and the rain-shadow effect of the Andes.

2. Andes Mountains

Extend along Chile's eastern boundary.
Form part of the major mountain system running along the western margin of South America.
The region is characterised by considerable seismic and volcanic activity.

3. Patagonia

Occupies the southern part of Chile and Argentina.
Chilean Patagonia is characterised by Glaciers, Fjords, Alpine tundra, Rugged mountainous landscapes

4. Seismic and Volcanic Activity

Chile lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
The convergence of tectonic plates makes the country highly vulnerable to Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Volcanic eruptions
The Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate is a major driver of Chile's intense seismic activity.

5. Highest Point

Ojos del Salado: 6,893 metres
Located in the Andes on the Chile–Argentina border.
It is The highest active volcano in the world and the second-highest mountain in South America, after Aconcagua.

Economic and Resource Significance

1. Copper

Chile is the world's largest producer of copper.
Copper is a major component of Chile's export economy and is strategically important for global energy-transition technologies.

2. Lithium

Chile forms part of the Lithium Triangle, together with Argentina and Bolivia
The region contains some of the world's most significant lithium resources, making it strategically important for electric vehicles, batteries and renewable-energy storage.

3. India–Chile Economic Relations

India and Chile are working towards a CEPA to deepen economic engagement.
A comprehensive trade agreement could facilitate Greater market access, Expansion of bilateral trade, Investment opportunities, Cooperation in emerging and strategic sectors

Rani Avantibai Lodhi (1831–1858)

Why in News?

Rani Avantibai Lodhi, a prominent woman warrior of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was remembered on her martyrdom day for her resistance to British colonial authority and her leadership in the uprising.

Who Was Rani Avantibai Lodhi?

Rani Avantibai Lodhi was the queen-regent of Ramgarh, a princely estate in present-day Madhya Pradesh.
She emerged as an important regional leader during the Revolt of 1857.
Following her husband's death, she assumed responsibility for administering Ramgarh and resisted British attempts to interfere in its governance.
She died in 1858 while fighting against British forces.

Role in the Revolt of 1857

1. Resistance to British Annexation

After the death of her husband, King Vikramaditya Singh, their sons were considered minors.
The British administration attempted to take control of Ramgarh instead of recognising Avantibai's authority as regent.
She strongly opposed this intervention and challenged British political control over the estate.

2. Reassertion of Ramgarh's Authority

Avantibai removed the British-appointed administrator from Ramgarh.
She subsequently assumed direct control of the administration.
Her actions transformed Ramgarh into an important centre of resistance against British rule in the region.

3. Mobilisation of Regional Forces

She sought support from neighbouring rulers and tribal leaders of the Narmada region.
Her efforts helped bring together local forces in support of the wider 1857 uprising.
Her leadership demonstrated the important role played by regional and tribal communities in the revolt.

Battle of Kheri

In 1857, Rani Avantibai personally commanded an army of approximately 4,000 soldiers.
Her forces confronted British troops led by Deputy Commissioner Charles Waddington near Mandla.
The engagement at Kheri resulted in a victory for Avantibai's forces.
The battle became an important episode in the resistance to British authority in the Narmada region.

UPI Expansion in Uzbekistan

Why in News?

NPCI International Payments Ltd (NIPL) has entered into a commercial agreement with Uzbekistan’s National Interbank Processing Center (NIPC) to facilitate Unified Payments Interface (UPI)-based cross-border merchant payments across Uzbekistan.

Key Highlights

Uzbekistan: Became the 11th country to enable UPI for cross-border merchant transactions.
The initiative will allow Indian visitors to make real-time digital payments at participating merchants in Uzbekistan.
Payments can be made by scanning UZQR codes, with the transaction amount being directly debited from the user's linked Indian bank account.
Countries Accepting UPI for Cross-Border Merchant Payments: Bhutan — First country, UAE, Singapore, Nepal, Sri Lanka, France, Mauritius, Qatar, Cambodia, Greece, Uzbekistan

One-Liners

1. Spoon-tailed Duskhawker:

A large, crepuscular and predatory dragonfly native to the Philippines and Southeast Asia, typically found around shaded forest pools, streams and swampy habitats; its slender abdominal appendages resemble a spoon.

2. India Record:

The species was photographed for the first time in India at Namdapha National Park and Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, expanding India's documented dragonfly diversity.

3. National Sports Day:

Observed annually on 29 August to commemorate the birth anniversary of legendary Indian hockey player Major Dhyan Chand; instituted in 2012, the day promotes sporting participation, physical fitness and healthy living, with major national sports honours presented by the President of India.

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