24 June 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Children's Climate Risk Report 2026

Context

• The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) released the Children’s Climate Risk Report 2026, highlighting how climate change is emerging as a major child-rights challenge by exposing children to multiple, overlapping environmental hazards.

Key Findings

• Nearly 1.1 billion children (almost half of the world’s children) are exposed to at least three overlapping climate hazards.
• More than 4 million children face six climate hazards simultaneously.
• Drought is the most widespread threat, affecting 1.8 billion children globally.
• Two-thirds of children worldwide are exposed to increasingly severe heatwaves.
• Around 1.2 billion children face extreme heat conditions.
• More than 1 billion children are at heightened risk of malaria due to the expansion of mosquito habitats driven by climate change.
• By 2050, climate change could push 40 million additional children into stunting, and 28 million additional children into wasting (acute malnutrition).
• Only 2.4% of global climate finance is directed toward child-responsive infrastructure and social services.

India-Specific Findings

• 97% of Indian children (about 411.62 million) are exposed to at least two climate- or disaster-related hazards.
• 55% of children face three or more simultaneous climate hazards.
• Drought is the most widespread climate threat, affecting over 96% of Indian children.
• Climate-related disruptions affected the education of 54.78 million students in 2024.
• Heatwaves emerged as the leading cause of school disruptions.

Major Concerns

• Rising risks to health, nutrition, education, and child development.
• Increased prevalence of vector-borne diseases, malnutrition, and heat-related illnesses.
• Greater vulnerability among children in low-income and climate-sensitive regions.
• Insufficient allocation of climate finance towards child-focused adaptation measures.

Sunset Clause

Context

• India is considering the inclusion of a sunset clause in the proposed interim trade agreement with the United States to protect itself from future policy uncertainty and volatile tariff measures.

What is a Sunset Clause?

A sunset clause is a legal provision that causes a law, regulation, policy, or agreement to automatically expire on a predetermined date unless it is actively renewed or extended.

Purpose

• Prevents outdated laws and regulations from continuing indefinitely.
• Limits the long-term use of extraordinary or emergency powers.
• Encourages periodic reassessment of policies and agreements.
• Restricts prolonged fiscal burdens arising from subsidies, tax incentives, or special benefits.

Applications

1. Trade Agreements

• Allows countries to periodically reassess commitments.
• Provides flexibility if economic or geopolitical conditions change.

2. Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)

• Also known as a Survival Clause.
• Protects investments made before treaty termination for a specified period (often 10–20 years) even after the treaty ceases to exist.

3. Domestic Laws

• Frequently used in tax concessions, subsidies, emergency legislation, and regulatory frameworks.

Historical Origin

• Concept traces back to Roman Law.
• In India, an early form appeared under Lord Cornwallis’ Permanent Settlement Act, 1793, which fixed land revenue arrangements.

Significance for India–US Trade Talks

• Protects India from abrupt shifts in U.S. tariff policies.
• Enables periodic renegotiation based on changing trade conditions.
• Reduces long-term risks associated with an interim or transitional agreement.
• Strengthens policy predictability and safeguards national economic interests.

Western Ghats Ecologically Sensitive Areas

Context:

• The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is finalizing the demarcation of Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs) in the Western Ghats. The process began with a draft notification in 2014 and has undergone multiple revisions due to differences between the Centre and state governments regarding the extent of areas to be notified.

What are Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs)?

• ESAs are environmentally fragile regions notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• They act as buffer zones around protected areas such as National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
• The objective is to regulate human activities and prevent ecological degradation.

Activities Restricted in ESAs

1. Prohibited

• New mining and quarrying projects.
• Thermal power plants.
• Highly polluting red-category industries.

2. Regulated

• Construction activities.
• Infrastructure projects.
• Commercial land-use changes.

3. Western Ghats (Sahyadri Range)

• Ancient mountain chain extending about 1,600 km along India's western coast.
• Spreads across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
• Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• One of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biodiversity.
• The Western Ghats are one of India's four biodiversity hotspots (Western Ghats, Himalayas, Indo-Burma Region, Sundaland)

Gadgil vs Kasturirangan: Core Difference

• Gadgil Committee: Emphasized ecological protection, recommending that the entire Western Ghats be treated as an ecologically sensitive region with graded restrictions.
• Kasturirangan Committee: Adopted a more pragmatic approach, protecting ecologically valuable natural landscapes while allowing development in human-inhabited cultural landscapes.

India Leads in Ship Recycling

Context

• According to the 2025 Review of Maritime Transport released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), India has emerged as the world's leading ship-recycling nation.

State of Ship Recycling in India

• India accounted for 35.4% of global ship recycling in 2025, becoming the world's largest ship-recycling destination.
• Around 3 million Gross Tons (GT) of ships were recycled during 2025.
• This represents a 60% year-on-year increase in recycling activity.
• More than 16,000 vessels are expected to reach end-of-life over the next decade.
• India is projected to dismantle 500–600 vessels annually in the coming years.
• The industry is primarily concentrated at Alang in Gujarat.
• India achieved the ship-recycling target under Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 five years ahead of schedule.

What is Ship Recycling?

• Ship recycling (ship breaking) involves dismantling obsolete vessels to recover Steel and other metals, Machinery and equipment, Reusable components and materials.
• It supports the circular economy by reducing the need for virgin raw materials.

Alang Ship Recycling Yard

• Located on the Gulf of Khambhat coast in Gujarat.
• One of the world's largest ship-recycling clusters.
• Houses hundreds of recycling plots.
• Contributes significantly to India's steel supply and employment generation.

International Maritime Organization Hong Kong Convention

• Formally known as the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships.
• Establishes standards for Worker safety, Hazardous waste management, Environmentally sound ship dismantling.
• India has aligned many of its ship-recycling facilities with convention requirements.

Significance for India

1. Economic Benefits

• Generates employment.
• Supplies affordable recycled steel.
• Reduces dependence on imported scrap metal.
• Supports coastal economic development.

2. Environmental Benefits

• Promotes resource recovery and recycling.
• Contributes to circular-economy objectives.
• Reduces demand for energy-intensive steel production.

3. Strategic Importance

• Strengthens India's maritime economy.
• Supports the goals of Maritime India Vision 2030.
• Enhances India's position as a global maritime and recycling hub.

India’s Space Sector

Context

• India’s space sector has evolved from a scientific programme into a strategic national asset, reflecting a transition from capability-building to global leadership under the Space Vision 2047 framework.

Major Achievements

• Chandrayaan-3: India became the first country to achieve a soft landing near the Moon’s south pole and the fourth nation to successfully land on the lunar surface.
• Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan): India became the first country to reach Mars orbit on its maiden attempt and the fourth space agency globally to accomplish a Martian orbital mission.
• Aditya-L1: India’s first dedicated solar mission, positioned at the Sun–Earth L1 Lagrange Point, has generated extensive solar observation data.
• Human Spaceflight Milestone: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla travelled to the International Space Station aboard the Axiom-4 mission, conducting multiple microgravity experiments.
• Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV-TD): Successful hypersonic flight and autonomous runway-landing tests validated key reusable spaceflight technologies.
• Indigenous Space Electronics: Development of VIKRAM 3201, India’s first indigenous 32-bit space-grade microprocessor, and KALPANA32 reduced dependence on imported components.
• NISAR Mission: Jointly developed by Indian Space Research Organisation and National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the NISAR satellite enhances global monitoring of land, glaciers, forests, and oceans.

Government Reforms

• Indian Space Policy 2023: Opened the entire space value chain to private-sector participation.
• FDI Liberalisation (2024): Enhanced foreign investment limits across satellite, launch vehicle, and component manufacturing segments.
• Space Financing: Establishment of a ₹1,000 crore Space Venture Capital Fund and a ₹500 crore Technology Adoption Fund.
• Regulatory Framework: Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center acts as a single-window regulator for private space activities.
• Commercialisation: NewSpace India Limited has significantly expanded revenues through technology transfer and launch services.
• Infrastructure Expansion: Approval of a third launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre and development of a new spaceport at Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport.
• Public–Private Partnerships: Indian startups have been entrusted with deploying a 12-satellite Earth Observation constellation by 2030.

BGP Hijacking

Context

• Telegram’s CEO alleged that access to the platform outside India, including in the UAE, was disrupted through Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) hijacking, highlighting vulnerabilities in the Internet’s routing infrastructure.

What is BGP?

• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the Internet’s primary inter-domain routing protocol.
• It enables data packets to travel between different Autonomous Systems (ASs)—large networks operated by Internet Service Providers (ISPs), governments, universities, and companies.
• Often described as the “GPS of the Internet,” BGP determines the most efficient route for data transmission across global networks.

What is BGP Hijacking?

• BGP hijacking occurs when a malicious or misconfigured network falsely announces ownership of an IP address prefix.
• Other networks accept the false route advertisement and redirect Internet traffic through the attacker’s network.
• This can divert, intercept, monitor, modify, or block data traffic.

How It Works

• A network falsely advertises a route to an IP prefix.
• Other routers update their routing tables and begin forwarding traffic through the false route.
• Traffic may be Intercepted, Monitored, Modified, Delayed, or Dropped entirely.

Risks and Implications

• Traffic Interception: Unauthorized access to sensitive communications.
• Surveillance and Espionage: Monitoring of user activity and data flows.
• Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attacks: Attackers can alter data while it is in transit.
• Unauthorized Censorship: Blocking access to websites or online services.
• Service Disruptions: Large-scale outages affecting businesses and users.
• Cross-Border Impact: Routing incidents can affect multiple countries simultaneously due to the global nature of Internet infrastructure.

Notable Security Measures

• RPKI (Resource Public Key Infrastructure): Cryptographically verifies route announcements.
• Route Filtering: ISPs validate routing information before accepting advertisements.
• BGP Monitoring Systems: Detect suspicious route changes in real time.
• MANRS (Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security): Global initiative promoting routing security best practices.

Dunagiri, Sanshodhak and Agray Warships

Context

• The Prime Minister inducted three indigenously designed and built warships—Dunagiri, Sanshodhak, and Agray—into the Indian Navy at Shyama Prasad Mookerjee Port.
• All three vessels were built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE).
• More than 75% indigenous content was used in their construction.
• The ships were designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau (WDB), reflecting India’s push towards defence self-reliance under Aatmanirbhar Bharat.

Dunagiri

1. Type:

• 5th Project 17A stealth frigate of the Nilgiri-class.

2. Propulsion:

• Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) system.

3. Key Capabilities:

• Equipped with BrahMos supersonic surface-to-surface cruise missiles.
• Armed with the Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM) system.
• Enhanced stealth features for reduced radar signature.

4. Role:

• Multi-role blue-water combat operations, including anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine warfare

Sanshodhak

1. Type:

• 4th and final Survey Vessel (Large) of the Sandhayak-class.

2. Role:

• Hydrographic surveys in coastal and deep-sea waters.

3. Key Equipment:

• Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs).
• Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs).
• Advanced digital side-scan sonar systems.
• Importance: Supports nautical charting, seabed mapping, maritime navigation, and strategic oceanographic studies.

Agray

1. Type:

• 4th Arnala-class Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC).

2. Role:

• Detection and engagement of submarines in shallow and littoral waters.

3. Replacement:

• Intended to replace the ageing Abhay-class corvettes.

4. Key Features:

• Lightweight torpedoes.
• Indigenous anti-submarine rocket launchers.
• DRDO Abhay hull-mounted sonar.
• Among the largest Indian warships powered by waterjet propulsion.
• Significance: Strengthens coastal anti-submarine warfare and maritime security.

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