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25 September 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exam.

Electoral Roll Governance and Collegiality

Why in News?

An investigative report has highlighted 14 objections reportedly filed by two Election Commissioners over a 10-month period concerning major decisions related to electoral-roll management.
The reported objections involved:
- An allegedly unauthorised change to Form 6.
- Mass appeals concerning the inclusion of voters.
- Greater centralisation of electoral-roll processes that could affect the statutory role of Electoral Registration Officers (EROs).
The Election Commission has maintained that differing views are part of institutional deliberation and that final decisions, including those related to the Special Intensive Revision (SIR), were taken with the approval of all three Commissioners.

What is Form 6?

Form 6 is the statutory application form used by eligible citizens to apply for inclusion of their names in an electoral roll as new voters.
Its prescribed framework is governed by the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960.

Collegiality in the Election Commission

1. Constitutional Mandate

Article 324 of the Constitution vests the superintendence, direction and control of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President in the Election Commission of India (ECI).
The Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and such number of other Election Commissioners as the President may fix.

2. Unanimity and Majority

The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act, 2023 provides a statutory framework for the transaction of business by the ECI.
Section 18(1): The Commission may, by unanimous decision, regulate its procedure and allocation of business.
Section 18(2): As far as possible, the Commission's business should be conducted unanimously. Where the CEC and Election Commissioners differ, the matter is decided by the majority opinion.

3. CEC and Institutional Collegiality

The CEC and other Election Commissioners function as members of the same constitutional body.
The Supreme Court's jurisprudence has emphasised the collective character of the Election Commission, rather than treating the CEC as hierarchically superior to the other Commissioners.
In T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995), the Supreme Court upheld the institutional framework under which Election Commissioners participate in the Commission's decision-making.

Electoral Roll Framework

1. Electoral Registration Officers

Under the Representation of the People Act, 1950, the preparation and revision of electoral rolls are carried out through designated Electoral Registration Officers (EROs).
EROs perform constituency-level statutory functions relating to electoral-roll preparation, revision and correction.

2. Chief Electoral Officers

Chief Electoral Officers (CEOs) supervise electoral-roll preparation and revision at the state level under the overall control of the ECI.
This creates a multi-level administrative structure involving the ECI, CEOs and EROs.

3. Digital Electoral-Roll Management

Electoral-roll administration has increasingly moved towards integrated digital systems.
ERONet has historically supported electoral-roll management, while ECINet represents the ECI's broader integrated digital platform.
Digital systems are intended to improve standardisation and efficiency while operating within the statutory electoral-roll framework.

4. Rule-Making for Electoral Forms

The statutory framework governing electoral registration forms is prescribed under the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960, made under the Representation of the People Act, 1950.
Changes to statutory rules and forms therefore involve the legally prescribed rule-making framework rather than merely an internal software modification.

Concerns in Electoral-Roll Governance

1. Accountability and Approval Chains

Complex administrative and digital workflows can make it difficult to identify:
- Who authorised a particular change.
- Whether the change received Commission-level approval.
- Which authority bears institutional responsibility for its implementation.

2. Technology and Statutory Authority

A key concern raised in the current debate is whether software architecture or permissions can effectively restrict statutory powers assigned to field-level electoral authorities.
Former CEC O.P. Rawat, commenting on the reported developments, argued that software should not prevent field officials from acting within their legal authority. These are his attributed views, not a judicial determination.

3. Risk of Scaled Errors

Centralised digital systems can improve uniformity, but an erroneous rule or configuration could potentially be applied across multiple constituencies simultaneously.
This makes testing, auditability, human oversight and clear correction mechanisms important elements of electoral technology governance.

4. Independence of the Election Commission

The 2023 Act changed the composition of the statutory selection committee for appointing the CEC and Election Commissioners.
Under Section 7, the committee consists of:
- Prime Minister — Chairperson.
- Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha — Member.
- Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister — Member.
The change has been challenged before the Supreme Court, including on grounds concerning institutional independence and the departure from the arrangement prescribed by the Court in Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023).

5. Asymmetry in Removal Protection

Under the 2023 Act:
- The CEC can be removed only in the manner and on the grounds applicable to a Supreme Court judge.
- An Election Commissioner cannot be removed except on the recommendation of the CEC.
This creates a distinct statutory removal framework for the CEC and other Election Commissioners.

Landmark Supreme Court Developments

1. T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995)

The Constitution Bench dealt with the status and powers of the CEC and other Election Commissioners.
The judgment is an important precedent concerning the institutional structure and collective functioning of the Election Commission.

2. Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023)

The Supreme Court addressed the appointment mechanism for Election Commissioners.
It prescribed a selection committee comprising the:
- Prime Minister.
- Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
- Chief Justice of India, until Parliament enacted a law on the subject.
Parliament subsequently enacted the 2023 Act, replacing the CJI with a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister. The validity of this change has been challenged before the Supreme Court.

Electoral-Roll Litigation and SIR

Recent litigation surrounding the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) has also raised questions concerning procedural safeguards, voter participation and the handling of objections.
Judicial scrutiny of electoral-roll processes underscores the importance of notice, opportunity to respond, reasoned decisions and accessible remedies in voter-registration administration.

Demand for Smaller States in India

Why in News?

A renewed demand for dividing Uttar Pradesh into four States has revived the broader debate over the creation of smaller States in India.
Uttar Pradesh Minister and SBSP leader Om Prakash Rajbhar recently claimed that the State could be divided into Purvanchal, Madhyanchal, Bundelkhand and Harit Pradesh. The claim was made in the context of the forthcoming State political cycle; it represents Rajbhar's stated position and does not by itself constitute a government decision.
A similar four-State proposal was formally passed by the Uttar Pradesh Assembly in 2011 under the then Mayawati government, proposing Purvanchal, Bundelkhand, Awadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh, but the proposal was not pursued further after the change of government in 2012.

Constitutional Procedure for Creating New States

1. Parliament's Power — Article 3

Article 3 empowers Parliament to:
- Form a new State by separating territory from an existing State.
- Unite two or more States or parts of States.
- Increase or diminish the area of a State.
- Alter the boundaries of a State.
- Alter the name of a State.
Thus, the Constitution gives Parliament a broad role in reorganising India's internal territorial boundaries.

2. Presidential Recommendation

A Bill for the purposes specified under Article 3 can be introduced in either House of Parliament only on the recommendation of the President.

3. Reference to State Legislature

Where a proposal affects the area, boundaries or name of a State, the President must refer the Bill to the concerned State Legislature.
The State Legislature is given a specified period to express its views.
The President may extend the period specified for the State Legislature.

4. State's Views Are Not Binding

The State Legislature's views are consultative rather than binding.
Parliament can proceed with the reorganisation even if:
- The State Legislature opposes the proposal; or
- The State Legislature does not submit its views within the prescribed period.
Therefore, State consent is not constitutionally mandatory under Article 3.

5. Simple Majority

A law made under Article 3 is passed through the ordinary legislative procedure and requires a simple majority in Parliament.
Article 4 provides that laws made under Articles 2 and 3 are not treated as constitutional amendments under Article 368.

6. No Fresh Reference for Parliamentary Amendments

In Babulal Parate v. State of Bombay, the Supreme Court held that Parliament's subsequent modification of the proposal contained in a Bill does not require a fresh reference to the concerned State Legislature.
The Court held that Article 3 requires the State Legislature to be given an opportunity to express its views on the proposal contained in the Bill; it does not require a new reference for every subsequent parliamentary amendment.

7. State Under President's Rule

The application of Article 3 is not necessarily prevented merely because the concerned State is under President's Rule.
The Supreme Court's 2023 judgment concerning Article 370 also examined the constitutional relationship between State reorganisation and President's Rule.

Why Are Smaller States Demanded?

Administrative efficiency: Smaller territorial units may make administration and delivery of public services more manageable.
Regional development: Statehood demands often emerge from perceptions of regional economic or developmental imbalance.
Political representation: Smaller States may provide greater institutional representation to distinct regions and local interests.
Regional identity: Linguistic, cultural, historical and geographical identities have historically influenced demands for separate States.

Challenges Associated with Smaller States

1. Duplication of Establishment Costs

Creation of a new State requires separate institutional infrastructure such as Capital and secretariat, Legislature, High Court arrangements, Administrative departments.
This can create significant one-time and recurring expenditure for successor States.

2. Division of Assets and Liabilities

Reorganisation can require the division of Government assets, Liabilities and debt, Employees and institutions, River-water resources.
Such issues can generate prolonged inter-State disputes, as seen in disputes involving Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, including questions concerning river waters.

3. Revenue and Fiscal Capacity

Some smaller States may have a relatively narrow own-tax revenue base.
Limited revenue capacity can increase dependence on Central transfers and grants, particularly for meeting committed expenditure such as salaries, pensions and interest payments.

4. Political Stability

Smaller legislatures with closely balanced political representation can sometimes produce coalition governments that are vulnerable to instability.
Political instability can affect continuity in policymaking and administration.

5. Identity-Based Politics

Statehood demands can sometimes become closely associated with particular regional, caste or community identities.
Reorganisation may address one regional aspiration while simultaneously creating new questions concerning representation and minority status within the successor States.

6. Cascading Statehood Demands

Creation of a new State can encourage other regional movements to renew their demands for separate Statehood.
Examples include demands associated with Gorkhaland and Bodoland, among others.

Major Committees and Commissions on State Reorganisation

1. Dhar Commission — 1948

Examined the basis for reorganising provinces.
Favoured considerations such as Administrative convenience, Geographical contiguity, Financial self reliance, Development potential.
It did not favour language as the sole basis for reorganisation.

2. JVP Committee — 1949

Emphasised National security, National unity, Economic prosperity.
It was cautious about making linguistic identity the principal basis of State reorganisation.

3. States Reorganisation Commission — 1955

Rejected the simplistic principle of “one language, one State.”
Recommended balancing linguistic and cultural considerations with National unity, Administrative viability, Financial sustainability, Welfare of the people.

4. Rajamannar Committee — 1971

Constituted by the Tamil Nadu Government.
Among its recommendations was greater protection of State autonomy.
It favoured making the consent of the affected State Legislature necessary for territorial reorganisation.

5. Sarkaria Commission — 1988

Examined Centre-State relations.
Favoured retaining Parliament's power under Article 3 without making State consent a mandatory constitutional requirement.
This approach preserved flexibility for reorganising India's large and diverse federation.

6. Kurian Joseph Committee — 2026

The supplied material identifies the Kurian Joseph Committee in Tamil Nadu as proposing a more State-consensual approach to territorial reorganisation.
Its reported recommendations include treating State reorganisation as requiring two-thirds concurrence of the affected State Legislature and opposing reorganisation while the State is under President's Rule.
These proposals represent a departure from the existing Article 3 framework, under which State Legislature views are not binding.

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Why in News?

India has rejected references to Jammu and Kashmir in the OIC Contact Group's Joint Communiqué issued on the sidelines of the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).
India reiterated that the OIC has no locus standi to comment on matters that India regards as its internal affairs.

About the OIC

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second-largest intergovernmental organisation after the United Nations, with 57 member states spread across four continents.
It describes itself as the collective voice of the Muslim world and seeks to safeguard the interests of its member states while promoting international peace and cooperation.
Headquarters: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Official languages: Arabic, English and French.

Origin and Evolution

The OIC was established following the Rabat Summit in Morocco on 25 September 1969.
Its formation followed the arson attack on the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.
In 1970, the first meeting of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers was held in Jeddah, which led to the establishment of a permanent General Secretariat there.
It was initially called the Organisation of the Islamic Conference.
The organisation was renamed the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in 2011.

Institutional Structure

1. Islamic Summit

The Islamic Summit of Heads of State and Government is the organisation's highest policy-making body.
It provides broad political direction to the OIC.

2. Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM)

The Council of Foreign Ministers oversees policy implementation and other organisational matters.
It serves as an important forum for coordination among member states.

3. General Secretariat

The General Secretariat, headquartered in Jeddah, carries out the organisation's day-to-day functions.
It is headed by the Secretary-General, who is elected by the Council of Foreign Ministers for a five-year term, renewable.

Membership

The OIC currently has 57 member states.
Its membership extends across Asia, Africa, Europe and South America.
The organisation includes countries that are not Muslim-majority, such as Guyana and Uganda.
Russia is an observer state.

India's Relationship with the OIC

India is neither a member nor an observer of the OIC.
India was invited to the 1969 Rabat Summit but was subsequently disinvited amid objections from Pakistan.
India nevertheless maintains diplomatic and economic relations with several OIC member countries.
In 2019, India was invited as a Guest of Honour at the OIC Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in Abu Dhabi.
India has consistently maintained that the OIC has no locus standi in matters concerning Jammu and Kashmir, which India considers an internal matter. India's position on similar OIC references has been stated by the Ministry of External Affairs on earlier occasions as well.

OIC and Jammu & Kashmir

The OIC has periodically issued statements and communiqués referring to Jammu and Kashmir, including through its Contact Group on Jammu and Kashmir.
In the latest instance, India rejected the reference and reiterated its position that the organisation has no standing to intervene in India's internal affairs.

Planetary Health Check 2026

Why in News?

The Planetary Health Check 2026 reports that 7 of the 9 planetary boundaries have been transgressed, with all seven showing worsening trends.
The report is released by the Planetary Boundaries Science Lab at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Germany.

What are Planetary Boundaries?

Planetary boundaries define environmental limits within which humanity can safely operate and thrive.
The framework identifies thresholds beyond which increasing human pressure can raise the risk of large-scale, abrupt or irreversible changes in the Earth system.
It was originally introduced in 2009 by a group of scientists led by Johan Rockström.
Framework assesses major Earth-system processes that regulate stability and resilience of the planet.

The Nine Planetary Boundaries

1. Biosphere Integrity

Refers to the health and functioning of Earth's ecosystems.
Includes pressures associated with species extinction and ecosystem degradation.

2. Climate Change

Assesses human influence on the climate system through indicators such as Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and Changes in radiative forcing.

3. Novel Entities

Covers substances and materials introduced into the Earth system through human activity. Eg: Plastics, Synthetic chemicals, Concrete, Genetically modified organisms & other anthropogenic substances.

4. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Concerns the release of human-made chemicals that destroy stratospheric ozone molecules.
Excessive ozone depletion reduces atmosphere's ability to protect life from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

5. Freshwater Change

Examines human-induced changes in the Earth's freshwater systems.
Includes Blue water: Water present in rivers, lakes and reservoirs & Green water: Water stored in soil and available to plants and soil microorganisms.

6. Atmospheric Aerosol Loading

Refers to the concentration of atmospheric particles arising from both natural and human sources.
Anthropogenic aerosols can influence Cloud formation, Atmospheric circulation, Regional climate patterns, Human and ecosystem health.

7. Ocean Acidification

Refers to the long-term decline in ocean pH, primarily associated with the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide by seawater.
Increasing ocean acidification can affect marine organisms, particularly those that build calcium carbonate shells or skeletons.

8. Land-System Change

Concerns human-induced changes in land use and land cover.
A major example is the conversion of tropical forests into agricultural land.
Such changes can affect biodiversity, carbon storage, freshwater systems and climate regulation.

9. Biogeochemical Flows

Focuses on human-driven alterations in natural cycling of essential nutrients, particularly Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
Excessive use of fertilisers can disrupt these cycles and contribute to problems such as eutrophication and water pollution.

International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

Why in News?

India's rapidly expanding digital and mobile ecosystem has increased concerns over the misuse and manipulation of International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers.
The IMEI is a critical device-level identifier used by telecom networks and plays an important role in device authentication, network security and combating counterfeit or illegally modified mobile devices.

What is IMEI?

International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a unique 15-digit identification number assigned to a mobile device.
It enables a telecom network to identify a particular mobile equipment/device, irrespective of the subscriber's SIM or mobile number.

Structure of IMEI

The first eight digits constitute the Type Allocation Code (TAC).
TAC identifies the model or type of mobile device.
GSMA (Global System for Mobile Communications Association) oversees global allocation of TACs.
Manufacturers subsequently assign unique IMEIs to individual devices.

IMEI and Dual-SIM Devices

A dual-SIM smartphone generally carries two IMEI numbers.
Each IMEI corresponds to a separate SIM slot/radio interface of the device.

Role of Manufacturers and Importers

Manufacturers and importers are required to register IMEI numbers of devices manufactured or imported into India.
The registration is carried out through the Device Setu–Indian Counterfeited Device Restriction (ICDR) portal.
Such registration helps strengthen the identification and monitoring of mobile devices entering and operating within India's telecom ecosystem.

What is IMEI Tampering?

IMEI tampering involves the intentional removal, alteration or modification of a mobile device's unique equipment identification number.
It also covers intentionally:
- Using hardware or software configured to alter or remove the device identification number.
- Producing such hardware or software.
- Trafficking in such hardware or software.
- Possessing such hardware or software with knowledge of its configuration.

Why is IMEI Tampering a Concern?

Manipulation of IMEI numbers can undermine the ability of telecom networks and enforcement agencies to identify specific devices.
It can facilitate the continued use of counterfeit, stolen or illegally modified devices and complicate efforts to trace equipment associated with unlawful activities.

India’s First Blue Bond

Why in News?

India is set to enter the blue bond market with the Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited (SMFCL) planning to issue the country's first blue bond.
The proposed issuance is expected to mark an important step towards mobilising market-based finance for India's maritime and water-related sectors.

What are Blue Bonds?

Blue bonds are debt instruments designed to raise funds for projects that promote the sustainable use and conservation of marine and water resources.
They are conceptually similar to green bonds, but specifically focus on oceans, coastal ecosystems and water-related activities.

Potential Areas of Financing

Clean water and sanitation
Water recycling and resource efficiency
Sustainable shipping and maritime infrastructure
Sustainable fisheries
Ocean-based renewable energy
Marine and ocean mapping
Conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems

Types of Blue Bonds

Private-sector blue bonds: Issued by corporations or for specific projects.
Public-sector blue bonds: May be issued by sovereign governments or municipal authorities.

Global Precedent

The Government of Seychelles issued the world's first sovereign blue bond in 2018.
The issuance demonstrated how capital markets can be used to support sustainable marine and fisheries-related activities.

Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited (SMFCL)

SMFCL is a specialised financial institution focused on India's maritime sector.
It is India's first Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) dedicated to the maritime sector.
The company is 100% owned by the Government of India.
It operates as a Mini Ratna Category-I Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE).

Significance for India

The proposed blue bond can help diversify financing sources for maritime and water-sector projects.
It can encourage greater participation of capital markets in sustainable ocean development.
The instrument can potentially support India's broader objectives relating to Sustainable maritime infrastructure, Blue economy development, Marine-resource conservation, Climate-resilient coastal development.

G20 Energy Consensus

Why in News?

India joined other G20 members in adopting four consensus outcomes at the three-day G20 Energy Abundance Ministerial Meeting held in Houston, Texas.
The outcomes emphasise voluntary and non-binding cooperation, while respecting national sovereignty over natural resources and countries' domestic policy choices.

Four Consensus Outcomes

1. Household Energy Access

Promotes country-specific pathways to reduce and eventually eliminate indoor air pollution.
Recognises LPG as a scalable transition option from traditional biomass-based cooking in developing economies.
The outcome is significant for India as it aligns with the experience of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) in expanding access to cleaner cooking fuel.

2. Regulatory Efficiency

Encourages countries to develop streamlined and predictable domestic permitting systems.
The objective is to reduce procedural delays in Energy infrastructure approvals, Project development, Construction and commissioning.
Faster and more predictable approvals can facilitate timely expansion of energy infrastructure.

3. Water Reuse Initiative

Establishes a voluntary, fit-for-purpose approach to water reuse.
It promotes recycling and treatment of water to the quality level required for its intended use.
Reused water can support multiple sectors, including Agriculture, Manufacturing, Energy, Municipal services

4. Critical-Mineral Resilience

Promotes voluntary international cooperation to establish secure and diversified critical-mineral value chains.
Cooperation can include Information and knowledge sharing, Investment, Technological innovation, Development of domestic capabilities, Local value addition.
This is particularly relevant for minerals required for electric vehicles, renewable-energy technologies and other clean-energy applications.

Significance for India

Clean Cooking: The recognition of LPG as a scalable transition fuel supports the relevance of India's PMUY model in expanding access to cleaner household energy.
Critical Minerals: Greater diversification of mineral supply chains can support India's requirements for EVs and renewable-energy technologies.
Energy Infrastructure: Improved regulatory processes can help accelerate the development of energy infrastructure.
Water Security: Water recycling and fit-for-purpose reuse can contribute to more efficient management of increasingly stressed water resources.

Global Cities Index 2026

Why in News?

Oxford Economics has released the 2026 Global Cities Index, assessing the world's 1,000 largest urban economies across 163 countries.
The index evaluates the economic strength and resilience of major cities using 27 indicators across five broad categories.
Collectively, the 1,000 cities covered account for approximately 60% of global GDP and 30% of the world's population.

Global Cities Index: Assessment Framework

Category	Weight	Major Indicators
Economics	30%	GDP size, economic growth and economic diversity
Human Capital	25%	Educational attainment, corporate headquarters and demographic trends
Quality of Life	25%	Income equality, housing costs, life expectancy and cultural amenities
Environment	10%	Air quality, emissions intensity and exposure to climate risks
Governance	10%	Institutional stability, civil liberties and business environment

Key Global Findings

1. Leading Cities

New York, USA retained the first position in the index.
London, UK ranked second.
Paris, France occupied the third position.
Dubai and Riyadh entered the global top 50 for the first time.

2. Emerging Asian Urban Hubs

The index highlights a continuing eastward shift in global urban economic activity.
Rapidly expanding Asian cities, particularly emerging AI and digital-technology hubs such as Kuala Lumpur and Shenzhen, are strengthening their position in the global urban economy.
While established Western metropolitan centres continue to occupy prominent positions, Asian cities are increasingly gaining importance through technology, innovation and economic growth.

India's Performance

More than 90 Indian cities feature in the Global Cities Index.
India is the third-most represented country, after the United States and China.

Indian City	Global Rank
Delhi	268
Bengaluru	311
Mumbai	330

Strengths and Constraints of Indian Cities

1. Strengths

Indian cities perform relatively strongly in Economics and Human Capital
Their performance is supported by Large labour forces, Rapid economic expansion, Growing human-capital base.

2. Constraints

Urban performance continues to be affected by Air pollution, Water stress, Inadequate civic infrastructure.
These challenges adversely affect the Quality of Life and Environment dimensions.

Ghost Flower Orchid (Gastrodia keyiensis)

Why in News?

Scientists have discovered the rare orchid species Gastrodia keyiensis in Keyi Panyor district of Arunachal Pradesh.
The discovery further highlights Arunachal Pradesh's rich orchid diversity and its reputation as the “Orchid Paradise of India.”

About the Ghost Flower Orchid

Gastrodia keyiensis is locally called “Oram Opuh”, meaning “Ghost Flower”, by the Nyishi community.
The name refers to its unusual life cycle, as the plant remains underground for most of its life and emerges above the ground only for a short flowering period.

One-Liners

Nomadic Elephant: The 18th edition of the India–Mongolia Joint Military Exercise Nomadic Elephant commenced in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand; the previous edition was held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
SEMICON India 2026: The 5th edition of India's flagship three-day semiconductor conference, jointly organised by the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) and Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International (SEMI), concluded in New Delhi.
It focuses on collaboration, investment, innovation and talent development. Theme: “Silicon to Systems: Building the Ecosystem.”
Typhoon Dujuan: Typhoon Dujuan, a tropical cyclone that developed over the western North Pacific, brought torrential rainfall, flooding and landslides to parts of Japan's eastern Pacific coast.
A typhoon is a tropical cyclone occurring in the western North Pacific with sustained winds of at least 64 knots (about 119 km/h).

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