4 July 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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16th India–Japan Annual Summit

Why in News?

• Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi visited India to participate in the 16th India–Japan Annual Summit held in New Delhi.

India–Japan Annual Summit

• The India–Japan Annual Summit was instituted in 2006 as the highest-level bilateral dialogue mechanism between the two countries.
• It brings together the Prime Ministers of India and Japan to Review progress in bilateral relations, Provide strategic direction for future cooperation, Strengthen coordination on regional and global issues.
• The Summit is hosted alternately in India and Japan.

Major Outcomes of the 16th Annual Summit

1. Joint Declaration on Economic Security

• The two countries agreed to enhance project-based cooperation in strategically important sectors, including Semiconductors, Critical minerals, Information and Communication Technology, Clean energy, Pharmaceuticals.
• The declaration aims to strengthen resilient and trusted supply chains while reducing vulnerabilities in critical sectors.

2. Joint Statement on Energy Resilience

• Agreed to deepen cooperation on Strategic petroleum reserves, Energy security, Maritime energy transportation.
• Both countries will encourage joint investments across the energy logistics and transport value chain.

3. Joint Statement on Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Elevated bilateral cooperation on Artificial Intelligence into a long-term strategic research and innovation partnership.
• A joint roadmap will be prepared covering the complete AI ecosystem, including Computing infrastructure, Foundational models, Research collaboration, Innovation and commercialisation.

4. Next Generation Mobility Partnership

• Launched a comprehensive framework to facilitate greater private-sector collaboration in Railways, Automotive manufacturing, Civil aviation, Shipbuilding, Ports and logistics, Urban infrastructure.
• The partnership seeks to promote sustainable mobility and industrial growth.

5. Defence Co-Development

• Signed the first bilateral agreement for the joint production of the UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna) stealth communication mast.
• The system will be deployed on Indian Navy warships, marking a significant milestone in defence industrial cooperation.

6. India–Japan Year of Shared Horizons

• Both countries designated 2027 as the India–Japan Year of Shared Horizons to commemorate 75 years of diplomatic relations and promote cultural, academic, and economic exchanges.

Overview of India–Japan Bilateral Relations

1. Strategic Partnership

• India and Japan elevated their relationship to a Special Strategic and Global Partnership in 2014 during the Annual Summit held in Tokyo.
• The partnership encompasses defence, economic cooperation, technology, infrastructure, connectivity, and regional security.

2. Bilateral Trade

• Bilateral trade reached US$27.47 billion in FY 2025–26.
• Japan is India's 10th-largest trading partner.
• The bilateral trade balance remains in favour of Japan.

3. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)

• The India–Japan CEPA, operational since 2011, provides for tariff liberalisation on approximately 94% of traded goods, while facilitating trade, investment, and services.

4. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

• Japan is India's fifth-largest source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), contributing nearly 6% of cumulative FDI inflows between 2000 and 2026.
• During the 15th India–Japan Annual Summit (2025), Japanese companies announced investment commitments of 10 trillion yen (approximately US$67 billion) over the next decade.

5. Defence Cooperation

• India–Japan 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue.
• Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA), 2020, facilitating reciprocal logistics support.
• Joint defence technology development initiatives such as the UNICORN naval communication system.

6. Major Military Exercises

• JIMEX – Bilateral naval exercise.
• Dharma Guardian – Bilateral Army exercise.
• Veer Guardian – Bilateral Air Force exercise.
• Malabar Exercise – Multilateral naval exercise involving India, Japan, Australia, and the United States.

7. Infrastructure Cooperation

a. Japan is one of India's largest providers of Official Development Assistance (ODA).

b. Japanese assistance supports several flagship infrastructure projects, including:

• Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Corridor.
• Metro rail systems in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, and Patna.

8. Space Cooperation

• The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are jointly developing the Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX) Mission.
• The mission aims to explore the Moon's south polar region and investigate the presence of water ice.

9. Civil Nuclear Cooperation

• The India–Japan Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, signed in 2016, made Japan the first country to enter into a civil nuclear agreement with a non-signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
• The agreement contains provisions permitting its termination in the event of a future Indian nuclear test.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

Why in News?

• The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has completed more than a decade of implementation, benefiting over 27 million farmers and creating or restoring irrigation potential across 24.61 million hectares of agricultural land.

About Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

1. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) is the flagship irrigation programme of the Government of India aimed at expanding assured irrigation coverage, improving water-use efficiency, and promoting sustainable water resource management in agriculture.

2. The scheme adopts the principles of:

• Jal Sanchay – Conservation and storage of rainwater.
• Jal Sinchan – Efficient application and management of irrigation water.

3. It seeks to achieve the vision of "Har Khet Ko Pani" (Water to Every Farm) while encouraging judicious utilisation of water resources.

4. PMKSY is implemented as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS).

Schemes Integrated under PMKSY

• Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) of the Ministry of Jal Shakti (formerly Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation).
• Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of the Department of Land Resources.
• On-Farm Water Management (OFWM) programme of the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.

Major Components of PMKSY

1. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP)

• Focuses on the expeditious completion of ongoing major and medium irrigation projects.
• Aims to create irrigation infrastructure and enhance water availability for agriculture.

2. Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP)

• Seeks to expand irrigation coverage by Creating new water sources, Developing minor irrigation projects using both surface and groundwater, Bringing additional cultivable land under assured irrigation.

3. Watershed Development Component

• Focuses on the integrated development of Rainfed regions, Degraded lands, Watersheds.
• The objective is to improve soil moisture, conserve water resources, reduce land degradation, and enhance agricultural productivity.

4. Per Drop More Crop (PDMC)

• Functioned as an integral component of PMKSY during 2015–16 to 2021–22.
• Emphasised maximising crop output per unit of water through the adoption of modern irrigation technologies and precision water management.

India’s Indigenous Navigation Ecosystem: NavIC and GAGAN

Why in News?

• India's indigenous satellite navigation systems—Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) and GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)—have emerged as key pillars of the country's technological sovereignty, aviation safety, and strategic autonomy, strengthening India's independent space-based positioning and navigation capabilities.

India’s Space-Based Navigation Framework

1. India has developed a dual navigation architecture comprising:

• NavIC – An independent regional Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) system.
• GAGAN – A Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) that enhances the accuracy and reliability of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, particularly for civil aviation.

2. Together, these systems reduce dependence on foreign navigation services while supporting defence, transportation, disaster management, and commercial applications.

• The Satellite Navigation Programme Office (SNPO) under the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) functions as the nodal authority for the development and management of India's satellite-based positioning, timing, and navigation infrastructure.

GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)

• GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation) is India's indigenous Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS).
• It has been jointly developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and Airports Authority of India (AAI).
• The system enhances the performance of satellite navigation services, particularly for civil aviation operations.
• GAGAN is the first Satellite-Based Augmentation System certified for the equatorial region, enabling accurate correction of ionospheric disturbances that commonly affect navigation in tropical latitudes.

Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)

• Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), formerly known as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), is India's indigenous regional satellite navigation system.
• It provides reliable Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services independent of foreign satellite navigation systems.
• The baseline NavIC constellation consists of Three Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, and Four Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO) satellites, ensuring continuous regional coverage.
• Provides navigation and timing services across the entire territory of India.
• Areas extending up to 1,500 km beyond India's boundaries.

Borjuli Wetland Declared a Biodiversity Heritage Site

Why in News?

• The Borjuli Wetland in Assam has been notified as a Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) owing to its ecological significance, particularly as a natural habitat of Oryza rufipogon, the wild progenitor of cultivated rice.

About Borjuli Wetland

• The Borjuli Wetland is an ecologically important freshwater wetland in Assam that supports rich biodiversity and serves as a valuable repository of wild genetic resources.
• Its recognition as a Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) aims to conserve its unique ecological features while promoting sustainable management through community participation.

Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)

• Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) are well-defined geographical areas recognised for their exceptional biodiversity and ecological importance.
• These areas may include Terrestrial ecosystems, Coastal ecosystems, Inland wetlands, Marine ecosystems.
• The objective is to conserve areas possessing significant biological, ecological, cultural, or evolutionary value.
• Criteria for Declaration: High Biological Diversity, Endemism, Rare and Threatened Species, Wild Relatives of Cultivated Species, Palaeobiological Importance, Cultural and Ecological Value
• Biodiversity Heritage Sites are notified under Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
• A State Government may declare an area as a Biodiversity Heritage Site on the recommendation of the State Biodiversity Board, and in consultation with the concerned local bodies.

Protection Status

1. Unlike National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, declaration as a Biodiversity Heritage Site:

• Does not normally affect ownership rights.
• Does not impose blanket restrictions on traditional livelihood practices.

2. The emphasis is on conservation through community participation while ensuring sustainable use of biological resources.

Biodiversity Heritage Sites in India

• According to the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA), India had 54 Biodiversity Heritage Sites as of March 2026.
• The Nallur Tamarind Grove in Karnataka, notified in 2007, was the country's first Biodiversity Heritage Site.

29th National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG), 2026

Why in News?

• The 29th National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG) concluded in Jaipur, Rajasthan, with the adoption of the Jaipur Declaration on e-Governance 2026.
• The conference reaffirmed the commitment of the Union and State Governments to accelerate digital transformation and build a secure, citizen-centric governance ecosystem.

About the National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG)

The National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG) is the premier annual platform for promoting innovation, collaboration, and best practices in digital governance across India.

It facilitates knowledge-sharing among policymakers, administrators, technology experts, academia, and industry stakeholders to strengthen public service delivery through technology.

1. Organising Agencies

• Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).
• Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• Government of Rajasthan.

2. Theme

• "Viksit Bharat 2047: AI-enabled, Data-driven and Secure Digital Governance."

3. Jaipur Declaration on e-Governance 2026

• Jaipur Declaration provides a common framework for strengthening India's digital governance ecosystem.

Major e-Governance Initiatives Highlighted

1. Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)

• A nationwide online platform for registering, tracking, and resolving public grievances, promoting transparency, accountability, and responsive governance.

2. SAMADHAN DIDI

• An AI-powered multilingual voice chatbot developed in collaboration with BHASHINI.
• Designed to improve citizen interaction with government services by providing accessible and language-inclusive grievance support.

3. National e-Governance Service Delivery Assessment (NeSDA)

• A performance assessment framework that evaluates the quality, accessibility, and maturity of online public service delivery across States, Union Territories, and Central Ministries.

4. IndiaAI Mission

• A flagship national initiative aimed at strengthening India's artificial intelligence ecosystem through AI research and innovation, Computing infrastructure, Skill development, Startup support, Responsible and ethical AI adoption.

5. Mission Karmayogi

• The Government of India's flagship civil services capacity-building programme focused on developing a digitally empowered, citizen-centric, and future-ready public workforce through continuous learning and competency-based training.

6. State-Level Digital Governance Initiatives

• The conference also showcased innovative governance models implemented by States, including Rajasthan's "Raj-Kaj" Integrated Administrative Platform, which streamlines administrative processes, improves coordination, and enhances public service delivery through digital integration.

Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) and National Academic Depository (NAD)

Why in News?

• Under the Digital India initiative, the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) and the National Academic Depository (NAD) have emerged as key digital platforms supporting lifelong learning, secure academic credential management, and the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Academic Bank of Credits (ABC)

• The Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) is a digital academic credit repository established by the Ministry of Education and regulated by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
• It enables students to store, accumulate, transfer, and redeem academic credits earned from recognised Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) across India.
• The platform promotes greater flexibility in higher education by facilitating mobility across institutions and academic programmes.
• Supports the objectives of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the National Credit Framework (NCrF).
• The platform is integrated with the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR).
• Every learner receives a unique lifelong academic identity, enabling seamless management of educational records through a single digital platform.

National Academic Depository (NAD)

• The National Academic Depository (NAD) is a secure, 24×7 digital repository for storing and verifying academic credentials.
• It enables recognised educational institutions to issue and maintain digital records of Degrees, Diplomas, Certificates, Mark sheets, Other academic awards.

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