5 June 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Women in the Indian Judiciary: Progress, Gaps and Challenges

Why in News?

• Senior Advocate V. Mohana has become only the second woman to be directly elevated from the Bar to the Supreme Court, following Justice Indu Malhotra.
• The development has renewed attention on gender representation within India's higher judiciary.

Status of Women’s Representation in the Judiciary

1. Supreme Court

2. Current Position

• Women remain significantly underrepresented in the apex court.
• Only 2 women judges currently serve in the Supreme Court out of a sanctioned strength of 37 judges.

3. Historical Representation

• Since its establishment, only 12 women have been appointed as judges of the Supreme Court, accounting for roughly 4.2% of all appointments.

4. Notable Milestones

• Justice M. Fathima Beevi became the first woman judge of the Supreme Court in 1989.
• Justice Indu Malhotra was the first woman to be directly elevated from the Bar to the Supreme Court.
• V. Mohana is the second woman to achieve this distinction.
• India has never had a woman Chief Justice of India.

5. High Courts

6. Representation

• Women constitute approximately 13–14% of judges across India's 25 High Courts.

7. Subordinate Judiciary

(a) Better Gender Balance

• Women's representation is significantly higher in district and subordinate courts, ranging between 35–38%.

Significance of Women’s Representation in the Judiciary

1. Jurisprudential Diversity

2. Broader Perspectives

• Women judges contribute diverse life experiences and perspectives to judicial decision-making.

3. Impact Areas

• Particularly relevant in cases involving Domestic violence, Family disputes, Sexual offences, Gender discrimination

4. Outcome

• Enriches judicial reasoning and promotes more inclusive jurisprudence.

5. Constitutional Inclusivity

6. Equality Principles

• Greater representation of women reinforces constitutional values embodied in Article 14 and Article 15.

7. Democratic Legitimacy

• Reflects the diversity of Indian society within constitutional institutions.

8. Enhancing Public Confidence

9. Representative Institution

• A gender-diverse judiciary is more likely to be perceived as fair, accessible, and impartial.

10. Institutional Trust

• Strengthens public faith in the justice delivery system and democratic governance.

11. Inspirational Impact

Role Models: Women occupying senior judicial positions inspire future generations of female lawyers and judges.

12. Social Change

• Helps challenge entrenched gender stereotypes and patriarchal norms within the legal profession.

Key Reasons for Low Representation

1. Opaque Appointment Process

2. Collegium System Challenges

• The Supreme Court Collegium does not have formal gender-diversity benchmarks.

3. Consequence

• Appointments often rely on established professional networks that have historically been male-dominated.

4. Seniority and Career Progression Barriers

5. District Judge Eligibility

• Under Article 233, candidates from the Bar must possess at least seven years of continuous legal practice to be eligible for appointment as District Judges.

6. Gendered Impact

• This period frequently overlaps with childbearing and caregiving responsibilities, leading to career interruptions for many women lawyers.

7. Pipeline Problem

• The relatively small number of women designated as Senior Advocates reduces the pool available for elevation to High Courts and the Supreme Court.

8. Infrastructure Deficiencies

(a) Court Facilities

• A significant number of lower courts continue to lack gender-sensitive infrastructure.

9. Key Gaps

• Separate toilets for women remain unavailable in many court complexes.
• Inadequate availability of Crèches, Maternity support facilities, Feeding rooms, Childcare infrastructure

10. Impact

• Creates practical barriers to women's long-term participation in the legal profession.

11. Patriarchal and Professional Biases

12. Workplace Challenges

• Women lawyers often face Preference for male advocates by clients, Limited networking opportunities, Professional isolation, Gender stereotypes in litigation practice.

13. Consequence

• Slower career progression and reduced visibility for leadership positions.

Measures to Improve Representation

1. Institutional Reforms

• Introduce gender-diversity considerations in judicial appointments.

2. Strengthening the Talent Pipeline

• Encourage greater designation of women as Senior Advocates.
• Expand mentoring and leadership programmes for women lawyers.

3. Infrastructure Improvements

• Ensure gender-sensitive court infrastructure across all judicial levels.

4. Work-Life Support

• Strengthen childcare facilities, maternity support mechanisms, and flexible workplace arrangements.

5. Cultural Change

• Address implicit biases and promote equal professional opportunities within the legal ecosystem.

Prime Minister Research Chair (PMRC) Scheme 2026: India Launches Global Talent Initiative for Research Excellence

Why in News?

• The Ministry of Education has launched the Prime Minister Research Chair (PMRC) Scheme 2026.
• The initiative aims to attract Indian-origin researchers, scientists, and innovators from across the world to contribute to India's research and innovation ecosystem.

About the PM Research Chair (PMRC) Scheme 2026

1. Objective

• Strengthen India's research and development (R&D) ecosystem by connecting global Indian talent with domestic institutions.
• Facilitate knowledge transfer, advanced research collaboration, and innovation-led growth.

2. Vision

• Position India as a leading global hub for scientific research, technological innovation, and strategic knowledge creation.

3. Focus Sectors

• Artificial Intelligence, Quantum Computing, Semiconductors, Biotechnology, Healthcare and Life Sciences, Cybersecurity, Space Technologies, Defence Technologies, Climate Change, Blue Economy, Atomic Energy, Advanced Manufacturing, Other frontier technologies of national importance

Three-Pillar Institutional Structure

1. Lead Institutions

• Act as the primary coordinating and mentoring institutions.
• Facilitate collaboration among participating organisations.

2. Designated Lead Institutions

• IIT Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, Hyderabad
• Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad
• Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru

3. Host Institutions

• Universities, research centres, and national laboratories where fellows will undertake research and academic activities.
• Function: Provide infrastructure, institutional support, and collaborative opportunities.

4. PMRC Fellows

• Serve as the principal contributors to research, innovation, mentoring, and capacity building.

Categories of Fellows

1. Young Research Fellows

• Target Group: Early-career researchers and emerging innovators.
• Objective: Encourage participation of young talent in frontier research domains.

2. Senior Research Fellows

• Target Group: Experienced researchers with established academic and scientific credentials.
• Role: Lead advanced research projects and mentor younger researchers.

3. Research Chairs

• Target Group: Globally distinguished scientists, scholars, and technology leaders.
• Role: Provide strategic leadership in high-priority research areas.

Eligibility

• Indian citizens working abroad.
• Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders.
• Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs).

Governance and Selection Mechanism

• The Principal Scientific Adviser will chair the Empowered Committee overseeing the scheme.
• Responsibilities: Selection of fellows, Strategic guidance, Monitoring implementation and outcomes.
• Objective: Ensure transparent, merit-based, and high-quality selection.

Significance of the PMRC Scheme

1. Strengthening India's R&D Ecosystem

• Enhances domestic research capacity through international expertise.

2. Reverse Brain Circulation

• Encourages engagement of Indian-origin researchers without requiring permanent relocation.

3. Technological Self-Reliance

• Supports national priorities in critical and emerging technologies.

4. Global Competitiveness

• Improves India's standing in innovation, patents, scientific publications, and technology development.

5. Viksit Bharat Vision

• Contributes to building a knowledge-driven economy and achieving long-term developmental goals.

FSSAI Introduces Standardised Vegan Logo for Food Products

Why in News?

• The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India has notified a standardized Vegan Logo for food products sold in India.
• The logo will become mandatory on all certified vegan food products from 1 July 2027, enabling consumers to easily identify vegan products.

About the FSSAI Vegan Logo

• The logo consists of a stylised “V” symbol enclosed within a green square frame.
• It serves as an official certification mark for vegan food products marketed in India.

What are Vegan Foods?

• Vegan foods are products that contain no animal-derived ingredients and involve no animal-origin components during production.
• Vegan foods do not contain Milk, Dairy products, Ghee, Paneer, Butter, Cheese, Honey, Any other animal-derived ingredients

Other Food Labelling Symbols Mandated by FSSAI

• Vegetarian Logo: Green dot inside a green square.
• Non-Vegetarian Logo: Brown dot inside a brown square.
• Jaivik Bharat Logo: Identifies certified organic food products.

Beaufort Castle Captured During Israeli Operations in Southern Lebanon

Why in News?

• Israeli forces reportedly seized Beaufort Castle during an expanded military offensive against Hezbollah.
• The operation marks Israel’s deepest reported incursion into Lebanese territory in over two decades, highlighting the strategic importance of the fortress.

About Beaufort Castle

• Beaufort Castle, locally known as Qal’at al-Shaqif ("Castle of the High Rock"), is a prominent medieval fortress situated in southern Lebanon.
• It occupies a commanding hilltop position overlooking the surrounding region.
• Situated near the Litani River in southern Lebanon.
• Located close to the Israel–Lebanon border.

Litani River

• Litani River is the longest river flowing entirely within Lebanon.
• Originates in the Bekaa Valley.
• Empties into the Mediterranean Sea near Tyre.

BALTOPS 2026 Conducted in Baltic Sea Amid Heightened NATO–Russia Tensions

Why in News?

• The United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies are conducting BALTOPS 2026 (Baltic Operations 2026) in the Baltic Sea.
• The exercise assumes greater significance against the backdrop of continuing geopolitical tensions between NATO and Russia.

About BALTOPS

• BALTOPS (Baltic Operations) is a multinational naval exercise led by the United States in the Baltic Sea.
• It is one of NATO’s longest-running maritime exercises.
• Conducted annually since 1971.
• Purpose: Enhance interoperability among allied naval forces, Strengthen collective maritime defence capabilities and Improve coordination during joint military operations.

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