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6 October 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs covers all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exam.

India’s Model Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT)

Why in News?

The Ministry of Finance has finalised a revised Model Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) and forwarded it to the Union Cabinet for approval. The move follows the Union Budget 2025–26, which indicated the need for a more investor-friendly framework to attract foreign investment while safeguarding the government’s regulatory space.

Understanding the Model BIT

A Model BIT is a framework prepared by a country to serve as the basis for negotiating investment-protection agreements with other countries.

It is not itself a treaty and does not automatically create international legal obligations.
It provides the government with a standard set of provisions while negotiating:
- Bilateral Investment Treaties with individual countries.
- Investment-related chapters in broader trade agreements.

Primary Objectives

The framework seeks to achieve two potentially competing objectives:

Protect foreign investors and their investments in India.
Protect Indian investors operating in foreign countries.
At the same time, preserve the State’s legitimate authority to regulate in the public interest.

Evolution of India’s BIT Policy

India significantly changed its approach to investment treaties in 2015.

The Union Cabinet approved a new Model BIT in December 2015, replacing the earlier 1993 Model BIT.
The 2015 framework placed greater emphasis on:
- The sovereign right of the State to regulate.
- Preventing excessive use of investor–State dispute settlement mechanisms.
- Ensuring that investment protection does not unduly restrict government policymaking.

Broad Policy Transition

Earlier approach → Greater emphasis on investor protection
2015 approach → Greater emphasis on balancing investment protection with regulatory autonomy

Major Features of India’s 2015 Model BIT

1. Narrow Definition of Protected Investment

The model does not extend treaty protection to every form of financial interest.

An investment generally needs to have a genuine and substantial business presence in the host country.
Portfolio investments were excluded from the protected category under the 2015 model.

Significance: This approach attempts to distinguish long-term productive investment from purely financial or speculative holdings.

2. Protection of the State’s Regulatory Space

The Model BIT contains exclusions and exceptions intended to prevent investment treaties from interfering excessively with sovereign functions.
Important areas include Taxation measures, Government procurement, Subsidies and grants, Compulsory licences, National security-related measures
Thus, the framework attempts to ensure that legitimate public policy measures are not automatically treated as violations of investment protection obligations.

3. No Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) Clause

The 2015 Model BIT does not provide MFN treatment.

What is MFN Treatment?

MFN is a relative standard of treatment under which investors of one treaty partner are generally entitled to treatment no less favourable than that provided to investors from another foreign country, subject to the treaty's wording.

Why is its exclusion significant?

A broad MFN provision can potentially allow an investor to rely on more favourable provisions contained in another treaty.
Example: The White Industries v. India dispute demonstrated how treaty provisions and MFN-based arguments could have significant implications for India's investment-treaty obligations.

4. Replacement of Broad FET Standard

The 2015 model moved away from an open-ended Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) obligation.
Instead, it uses a more specifically defined list of State conduct that can constitute a treaty violation.

What is FET?

Fair and Equitable Treatment is an investment-law standard requiring the host State to provide investors with treatment meeting certain standards of fairness.
It may encompass issues such as Denial of justice, Arbitrary governmental conduct, Serious procedural unfairness
Indian approach: Rather than leaving the scope of FET largely open to arbitral interpretation, the 2015 model sought to identify prohibited conduct more precisely.

Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)

One of the most significant features of India's 2015 Model BIT concerns access to international arbitration.

1. Five-Year Local Remedy Requirement

2. Under the 2015 model:

An investor must first pursue available judicial and administrative remedies within India.
This requirement extends for five years before international arbitration can generally be pursued.

3. Limitation on Tribunal Remedies

The model also restricts arbitral tribunals primarily to monetary compensation, rather than allowing them to broadly interfere with government measures.

4. Recent Development

India's more recent investment agreements indicate some movement away from the strict 2015 framework.

India–UAE investment agreement: In force since 2024.
India–Israel investment agreement: In force since 2026.
These agreements cover portfolio investments and provide for a three-year local-remedies period, rather than the five-year requirement under the 2015 Model BIT.

GOBARdhan Scheme

Why in News?

The GOBARdhan (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan) Scheme has been expanded for the period 2026–27 to 2035–36 with the objective of scaling up Compressed Biogas (CBG) production from cattle dung, agricultural residues and other biodegradable waste.
The expanded programme is projected to help India reduce fuel-import expenditure by more than ₹40,000 crore, contribute over ₹75,000 crore to GDP, and generate more than 1.5 lakh employment opportunities.

About GOBARdhan

GOBARdhan is a Central Sector Scheme implemented under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG).
It focuses on converting organic waste and biomass into useful energy resources, particularly Compressed Biogas (CBG).
The initiative was originally launched in 2018 under the Swachh Bharat Mission–Grameen (SBM-G).

Core Idea

The scheme promotes the conversion of Cattle dung + agricultural residue + biodegradable waste → Biogas/CBG + Bio-slurry
CBG can serve as an alternative to conventional natural gas and transport fuels.
Bio-slurry, the residual material from the biogas process, can be utilised as an organic manure/fertiliser.

Major Objectives

1. Expansion of CBG Production

The programme seeks to increase India's domestic CBG output almost tenfold:

Current production: around 0.4 million standard cubic metres per day (SCMD)
Target: around 5 million SCMD

2. Reduce Import Dependence

Greater use of domestically produced CBG is expected to:

Substitute a portion of imported fossil fuels.
Reduce the country's fuel-import bill.
Strengthen energy security.

3. Waste-to-Wealth

The scheme seeks to transform organic waste into an economic resource by:

Reducing unmanaged waste.
Producing clean energy.
Generating useful bio-manure.
Creating rural and local employment opportunities.

Major Components of the Scheme

1. Assured CBG Offtake

Ensures a reliable market for CBG producers.
Helps reduce uncertainty regarding the sale of output.

2. Stable Pricing

Provides greater price predictability to improve the financial viability of CBG projects.

3. Capital Assistance

Financial support is provided for establishing CBG plants.

4. Pipeline Infrastructure

Supports the development of infrastructure required to connect CBG production facilities with the gas network.

5. Credit Guarantee Support

Facilitates access to institutional finance by reducing lending risks associated with CBG projects.

6. CBG Ecosystem Challenge Fund

Supports initiatives aimed at developing and strengthening the broader CBG ecosystem.

Financial Assistance for CBG Plants

The scheme differentiates between greenfield and brownfield projects.

1. Greenfield Projects

Capital assistance: ₹1.25 crore per tonne per day (TPD) of capacity.

2. Brownfield Projects

Eligible for 50% of the greenfield assistance rate.

3. Maximum Assistance

Overall support is capped at ₹30 crore per project.

Assured Market for CBG

A key feature of the expanded programme is the creation of a more predictable market for CBG.

GAIL (India) Limited will procure up to 100% of the saleable CBG.
The administered price is ₹2,110 per MMBtu.
The arrangement is applicable until 31 March 2036.

Significance: Assured offtake can improve investor confidence by reducing the risk that producers will be unable to sell their CBG output.

CBG Blending Obligation

The scheme also introduces a progressively increasing obligation for City Gas Distribution (CGD) entities.

Financial Year	CBG Procurement Obligation
2026–27	3%
2027–28	4%
2028–29 onwards	5%

The obligation covers CBG use in transport and household gas applications.

Link with SATAT and Other Initiatives

GOBARdhan brings together various measures supporting the CBG ecosystem, including:

Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT)
Market Development Assistance
Pipeline infrastructure development
Other measures aimed at promoting CBG production and utilisation.

This creates a more integrated policy framework covering production → infrastructure → financing → offtake → end-use.

PM-SETU: Transforming India’s Industrial Training Institutes

Why in News?

The PM-SETU (Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs) has completed one year of implementation. The initiative seeks to overhaul India's Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) by combining modern infrastructure, industry participation, updated curricula and employment-oriented training.
Since 2014, the number of ITIs in the country has increased by 42%, covering both government and private institutions. During the first year of PM-SETU, Strategic Investment Plans (SIPs) for 14 ITI clusters were approved across 8 States and 1 Union Territory.

About PM-SETU

PM-SETU is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
Its principal objective is to transform selected Government ITIs into modern, industry-responsive vocational training institutions.
The scheme attempts to bridge the gap between:
- Skills taught through vocational institutions, and
- Skills demanded by India's emerging industries.

Core Approach

Modern infrastructure + industry participation + updated curriculum + practical training → improved employability

Major Components

Component I: Hub-and-Spoke ITI Upgradation

PM-SETU envisages the modernisation of 200 Hub ITIs and 800 Spoke ITIs

1. Hub ITIs

Will function as larger, advanced training centres equipped with:

Modern laboratories and workshops
Smart classrooms
Advanced training infrastructure
Facilities that can also support neighbouring institutions

2. Spoke ITIs

Will benefit from the infrastructure, expertise and training ecosystem created around the Hub institutions.

Component II: National Centres of Excellence

Five National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) are being upgraded into National Centres of Excellence.
The selected NSTIs are located at Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Ludhiana
The initiative also involves international partnerships to bring global expertise and contemporary training practices into India's vocational education system.

Source	Contribution
Central Government	₹30,000 crore
State Governments	₹20,000 crore
Industry	₹10,000 crore
Total	₹60,000 crore

ADB and World Bank will co-finance 50% of the Central Government's share.
The financing model therefore combines Central, State, multilateral and industry participation.

Post-Facto Environmental Clearance

Why in News?

The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has instructed environmental authorities to resume processing applications for post-facto Environmental Clearance (EC).
The direction follows a 2026 Supreme Court ruling allowing pending, rejected or returned applications under the earlier mechanism to be processed to their logical conclusion in accordance with law.

What is Post-Facto Environmental Clearance?

An Environmental Clearance (EC) is generally required before certain categories of projects begin construction or undertake specified expansion or modernisation activities.

1. A post-facto EC mechanism deals with projects that have already:

Commenced operations or construction;
Expanded their capacity; or
Undertaken modernisation,

without obtaining the legally required prior environmental clearance.

2. Key Distinction

Prior EC: Project obtains environmental approval before undertaking the activity requiring clearance.
Post-facto EC: Approval is sought after the project has already commenced or undertaken the activity without the required prior clearance.

Evolution of the Post-Facto EC Mechanism

1. 2017

One-Time Compliance Window The Centre introduced a mechanism in 2017 to address projects operating in violation of environmental-clearance requirements.

It was initially conceived as a one-time, six-month opportunity.
The mechanism was primarily intended to deal with “violation” cases and bring such projects within the environmental regulatory framework.

2. 2021

Standard Operating Procedure

A 2021 Office Memorandum (OM) issued by the MoEFCC established a more structured Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for dealing with such cases.
The mechanism subsequently became the subject of legal challenge before the courts.

3. Supreme Court Ruling

Vanashakti v. Union of India (2026)

The Supreme Court examined the validity of the 2021 MoEFCC Office Memorandum in Vanashakti v. Union of India.

4. Major Directions

Quashed the 2021 Office Memorandum that provided the framework for processing post-facto EC cases.
However, environmental clearances already granted under the challenged mechanism were allowed to remain valid.
Directed that pending applications should be taken to their logical conclusion in accordance with law.

Significance

The ruling creates an important distinction between Validity of the 2021 mechanism → struck down by the Court and ECs already granted under it → not automatically invalidated while also ensuring that pending cases are dealt with according to the applicable law.

Shyamji Krishna Varma

Why in News?

The Vice President and the Prime Minister paid tribute to Shyamji Krishna Varma on his birth anniversary on 4 October, remembering his contribution to India's freedom struggle and his efforts to build an international network supporting Indian nationalism.

Who was Shyamji Krishna Varma?

Shyamji Krishna Varma (1857–1930) was a prominent revolutionary nationalist, lawyer, journalist and political activist.
He was born in 1857 at Mandvi, in the Kutch region of present-day Gujarat.
He played an important role in developing Indian nationalist activity in Europe, particularly among Indian students and political activists in Britain.

Early Influences and Achievements

1. Influence of Indian and Western Thought

2. His political outlook was shaped by:

Swami Dayanand Saraswati and his ideas of cultural nationalism.
Herbert Spencer, whose philosophical ideas also influenced Varma's thinking.

3. Association with Arya Samaj

In 1877, Varma became the first President of the Bombay Arya Samaj.
His association with the Arya Samaj contributed to the development of his nationalist outlook.

4. Academic Distinction

He was conferred the title “Pandit” by scholars of Kashi (Banaras) and is traditionally noted as the first non-Brahmin to receive this distinction.
He became the first Indian to obtain a Master of Arts degree from the University of Oxford.

Major Institutions Established by Him

1. Indian Home Rule Society — 1905

Shyamji Krishna Varma established the Indian Home Rule Society in London in 1905.

2. India House — 1905

Varma also established India House in Highgate, London, in 1905.

3. The Indian Sociologist

In 1905, Shyamji Krishna Varma launched The Indian Sociologist in London.
Language: English
Frequency: Monthly
Place of publication: London

Later Years and Death

As British authorities intensified scrutiny of Indian revolutionary activities, Varma moved from London to Paris in 1907.
He later shifted to Geneva, Switzerland.
He died in Geneva on 30 March 1930.

Return of His Ashes to India

His ashes were brought back to India in 2003.
They were subsequently placed at Kranti Teerth in Mandvi, Gujarat.
The memorial complex includes a replica of India House.

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)

Why in News?

The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha led the Indian Parliamentary Delegation to the 153rd Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) held in Arusha, Tanzania, from 5–9 October 2026.
The participation highlights India's engagement with the world's principal multilateral forum for parliamentary diplomacy and dialogue among national legislatures.

About the Inter-Parliamentary Union

The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) is the global organisation of national parliaments.

Established: 1889
Founders: Frédéric Passy and William Randal Cremer
It is regarded as the world's first permanent forum for multilateral political negotiations.
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
The organisation has been headquartered in Geneva since 1921.

Core Purpose

The IPU provides a platform through which parliamentarians from different countries can exchange views and cooperate on issues concerning:

Democracy and good governance
Gender equality in political representation
Youth participation in politics
Sustainable development
Peace and international cooperation

Membership

183 Member Parliaments
15 Associate Members

1. India and the IPU

India is a full member of the IPU.
India's national group within the organisation is the Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG).
The IPG was established in 1949.
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha serves as its ex-officio President.

2. Important Fact

The United States is among the notable countries that are not members of the IPU.

Organisational Structure

1. IPU Assembly

The Assembly is the principal political deliberative body of the IPU.
It meets twice a year.
It brings together parliamentarians from member countries to deliberate on major international and parliamentary issues.

2. Governing Council

The Governing Council is another key decision-making body of the organisation.
It elects the President of the IPU.
The President serves a three-year, non-renewable term.

19th Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas (PBD)

Why in News?

The 19th edition of the Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas (PBD) Convention is scheduled to be held in Kolkata, West Bengal, from 7–9 January 2027.
The convention will provide a platform for engagement between the Government of India and the Overseas Indian community.

About Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas

Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas (PBD) is observed to recognise the contribution of the Overseas Indian community to India's development and to strengthen their engagement with India.

First observed: 2003
Date: 9 January
Since 2015, the PBD Convention has been organised once every two years following a revision in its format.
The convention brings together members of the Indian diaspora, policymakers, government representatives and other stakeholders.

Why is 9 January Observed as Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas?

The date has a strong historical connection with Mahatma Gandhi.

On 9 January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa.
Gandhi had spent several years overseas and played a significant role in India's freedom movement after his return.
He is therefore often described as the “greatest Pravasi” in the context of Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas.

Buxa Tiger Reserve

Why in News?

A three-year-old tigress, identified as T138, has been released into Buxa Tiger Reserve (BTR) in West Bengal as part of a phased programme to reintroduce tigers into the reserve.
The initiative aims to establish a viable and genetically sustainable tiger population in Buxa, where conservation efforts are focused on restoring the species' long-term presence.

About Buxa Tiger Reserve

Location: Alipurduar Sub-division, West Bengal
Region: Dooars
It forms part of an important transboundary ecological landscape linking Northern West Bengal, Bhutan and wider Eastern Himalayan region
Buxa was designated a Tiger Reserve in 1983 under Project Tiger.
Its location makes it significant for maintaining ecological connectivity between forests of India and Bhutan.

Great Indian Bustard (GIB)

Why in News?

For the first time, a pilot programme is set to release captive-bred Great Indian Bustards (GIBs) into their natural habitat in Desert National Park, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.
The initiative marks an important step in efforts to rebuild wild populations of this critically endangered grassland bird through captive breeding followed by carefully monitored release.

About the Great Indian Bustard

Scientific name: Ardeotis nigriceps
The Great Indian Bustard is a keystone species associated with India's arid and semi-arid open landscapes.
It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent.
It is among the heaviest flying birds in the world.
The GIB is currently found in a limited number of States: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
State Bird: Rajasthan
Rajasthan is particularly important for GIB conservation, with the Desert National Park landscape constituting one of its key remaining habitats.

Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)

Why in News?

India recorded 3,832 new cases of leprosy among children during 2025–26, nearly twice the National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) target of 2,000 cases.
The figures are significant because India has set a goal of interrupting leprosy transmission at the district level by 2027. The persistence of new infections among children indicates that transmission is still occurring in some communities.

What is Leprosy?

Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease and a neglected tropical disease (NTD).
It is caused primarily by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.
The disease predominantly affects the skin and Peripheral nerves
If diagnosis and treatment are delayed, nerve damage can become permanent and may lead to disability and deformities.

1. Anti-Leprosy Day in India

Observed on 30 January.
The date coincides with the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, who strongly advocated for the dignity and care of people affected by leprosy.

2. World Leprosy Day

Observed globally on the last Sunday of January.

Centres of Excellence for Classical Languages

Why in News?

The Ministry of Education has approved the establishment of five Centres of Excellence (CoEs) dedicated to research, preservation and promotion of Classical Assamese, Bengali, Marathi, Pali and Prakrit.
The initiative seeks to strengthen institutional support for the study of India's classical linguistic traditions and promote the preservation of valuable literary, historical and knowledge resources.

Five Centres of Excellence

Classical Language	Centre of Excellence	Location
Classical Assamese	Tezpur University	Assam
Classical Bengali	Visva-Bharati University	West Bengal
Classical Marathi	Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute	Pune, Maharashtra
Classical Pali	Central University of Odisha	Odisha
Classical Prakrit	Central University of Gujarat	Gujarat

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