7 October 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)
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India and Switzerland Sign Five Cooperation Instruments
Why in News?
- During Swiss President Guy Parmelin’s State visit to India, the two countries announced five bilateral cooperation instruments covering areas such as migration, mobility, transportation, science, innovation and entrepreneurship.
- The visit coincided with the first anniversary of the India–EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA), which entered into force on 1 October 2025.
Five India–Switzerland Cooperation Instruments
|
Agreement / Instrument |
Major Focus |
|
MoU on Migration and Mobility Partnership |
Legal migration, mobility and combating irregular |
|
Agreement on Exchange of Young Professionals |
Temporary employment and professional exposure |
|
MoU on Transportation Technologies, Mobility |
Sustainable transport and mobility technologies |
|
Letter of Intent: DST–Swiss National Science Foundation |
Scientific and research cooperation |
|
Implementation Arrangement with Zurich University |
Innovation, technology transfer and entrepreneurship |
1. MoU on Migration and Mobility Partnership
- The agreement seeks to strengthen cooperation on safe and orderly mobility while addressing challenges associated with irregular migration.
Key provisions:
- Cooperation based on the principle of equal treatment.
- Measures to prevent and combat Irregular migration, Human exploitation, Human trafficking
- Provides for multiple-entry visas valid for up to five years.
- Visa holders may stay for up to six months per visit, subject to applicable conditions.
- Provides for renewable one-year permits for students.
2. Agreement on Exchange of Young Professionals
- Agreement facilitates the temporary movement of young professionals between India and Switzerland.
Objectives:
- Enable young professionals to undertake temporary employment in the partner country.
- Improve their Professional skills, Language abilities, Practical experience within their respective fields.
Important provisions:
- Exchange of up to 300 young professionals annually from each country.
- The annual quota may subsequently be increased to 500 per country.
- Provides specified timelines of 30/90 days for verification of nationality/residency status.
3. MoU on Transportation Technologies, Mobility Systems & Infrastructure
- MoU seeks to deepen cooperation in sustainable transportation infrastructure and mobility systems.
- Areas of potential collaboration include Electric vehicles, Ropeways, Tunnels, Circular economy, Advanced transportation and mobility technologies, Sustainable infrastructure development
- The cooperation is aimed at combining technological capabilities and promoting more efficient and sustainable mobility solutions.
4. Letter of Intent on Scientific Cooperation
- The Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, and the Swiss National Science Foundation signed a Letter of Intent to strengthen cooperation between their respective research communities.
Key Objectives:
- Promote exploratory scientific collaboration.
- Facilitate partnerships for future joint research.
- Create a broader framework for sustained scientific initiatives.
- Encourage cooperation in mutually agreed priority areas.
5. Implementation Arrangement with Zurich University of Applied Sciences
- This arrangement focuses on strengthening cooperation in Innovation, Technology transfer, Entrepreneurship
- It will facilitate implementation of the Indo–Swiss Academia–Industry Training Programme (AIT India).
- AIT India: The programme is aimed particularly at early-stage startups and will promote Bilateral exchanges, Joint workshops, Capability building, Industry-academia interaction, Networking opportunities
India–Switzerland Relations
1. Diplomatic Relations
- India and Switzerland established diplomatic relations in 1948.
- The relationship was formalised through the Treaty of Friendship, signed in New Delhi.
2. Economic Relations
- Switzerland remains an important economic partner for India.
- Bilateral trade: approximately US$23.27 billion in FY 2024–25.
- Switzerland was India's 15th-largest trading partner during the period.
- The bilateral trade balance has traditionally remained in Switzerland's favour, resulting in a trade deficit for India.
India–EFTA TEPA
- Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
- India and EFTA concluded the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA).
- TEPA entered into force: 1 October 2025.
- The Swiss President's 2026 visit coincided with the first anniversary of TEPA's implementation.
- EFTA comprises four countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland
Animal Diplomacy: Wildlife as a Tool of Soft Power
Why in News?
- China's decision to lease pandas to the Atlanta Zoo has renewed international attention on the concept of “Animal Diplomacy”—the use of wildlife to strengthen diplomatic relations, project soft power and promote conservation cooperation.
- The practice has evolved from the exchange of exotic animals as royal gifts to contemporary arrangements involving scientific cooperation, conservation programmes and long-term wildlife loans.
What is Animal Diplomacy?
- Animal diplomacy refers to the strategic use of endemic, culturally significant or symbolically important animals as Diplomatic gifts, Scientific or conservation loans, Cultural symbols
- It can serve multiple diplomatic objectives, including Projecting soft power, Building goodwill between countries, Strengthening political and cultural relationships, Facilitating scientific and conservation cooperation, Presenting a country's biodiversity and cultural identity to international audiences
Evolution of Animal Diplomacy
1. Ancient and Medieval Statecraft
The diplomatic exchange of exotic animals has a long history.
- Cleopatra of Egypt is traditionally associated with presenting a giraffe to the Roman world as a demonstration of Egypt's reach and access to exotic territories.
- European and Arab rulers exchanged valuable falcons, which functioned as symbols of prestige, royal friendship and diplomatic goodwill.
Thus, rare animals historically served as living symbols of power, wealth and territorial connections.
2. Emergence of Modern Panda Diplomacy
China transformed animal exchange into a particularly visible form of modern diplomacy through panda diplomacy.
- Giant pandas became closely associated with China's international outreach.
- Their presence in foreign zoos created a powerful connection with the general public, beyond formal government-to-government relations.
- Animal diplomacy therefore evolved into a form of public diplomacy, where wildlife could generate favourable cultural associations with the sending country.
3. From Gifts to Conservation Loans
A major shift occurred in 1984, when China's panda diplomacy moved away from permanent gifting towards long-term leasing arrangements.
Under the modern model:
- Pandas generally remain Chinese property.
- Foreign institutions receive pandas under long-term agreements.
- Host institutions pay annual conservation-related fees.
- The model links diplomatic engagement with wildlife conservation and scientific cooperation.
India's Experience with Animal Diplomacy
1. Pre-colonial Diplomatic Exchange
- In 1515, Sultan Muzaffar II of Gujarat is recorded as having gifted a rhinoceros to King Manuel I of Portugal.
- The animal later became the subject of Albrecht Dürer's famous woodcut, The Rhinoceros.
This illustrates how India's distinctive wildlife entered European cultural and political imagination.
2. Nehruvian Era
During the early years of independent India:
- Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru gifted an elephant named Indira to Japan in 1949.
- India also sent elephants to several countries, including United States, Soviet Union, China, Turkey, Iran
The exchanges combined cultural diplomacy, goodwill and India's civilisational association with elephants.
3. Contemporary Ecological Partnerships
India's engagement has increasingly moved towards conservation-based international cooperation.
Project Cheetah
- The cheetah became extinct in India in 1952.
- Under Project Cheetah, launched in 2022, cheetahs were brought to India from countries including Namibia, South Africa, Botswana
- Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh serves as the principal site for the reintroduction programme.
Unlike traditional animal gifting, such initiatives involve ecological restoration, international cooperation and scientific wildlife management.
4. Peacocks and Cultural Diplomacy
- In 2026, India gifted five peacocks to the United Nations' European headquarters in Geneva.
- The initiative showcased India's national bird as a symbol of its cultural and natural heritage.
This represents the contemporary use of wildlife as a cultural ambassador.
Why is Animal Diplomacy Significant?
1. Soft Power and Public Diplomacy
- Animals can create highly visible and emotionally engaging diplomatic symbols.
- Unlike conventional diplomatic negotiations, animal exchanges can directly connect with the foreign public.
- They can help humanise bilateral relations and create positive cultural associations.
2. Conservation Financing
Modern wildlife-loan arrangements can generate substantial financial resources for conservation.
- China's panda arrangements, for example, have involved annual fees that can run into hundreds of thousands of dollars per pair.
- Such resources can support Habitat protection, Breeding programmes, Conservation research
3. Scientific Cooperation
- International wildlife transfers require cooperation in areas such as Veterinary science, Animal health monitoring, Genetic diversity management, Reproductive biology, Habitat design and management, Wildlife disease control
- Thus, animal diplomacy can create platforms for broader scientific collaboration.
4. Cultural Representation
- Endemic and culturally significant species can function as national or regional ambassadors.
- They help communicate a country's Biodiversity, Cultural traditions, Ecological heritage, Conservation priorities
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2026
Why in News?
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, awarded the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to three scientists for discoveries that laid the foundation for optogenetics—a technique that enables researchers to control the activity of specific cells, particularly neurons, using light.
Laureates: The prize was shared equally by: Karl Deisseroth — USA, Peter Hegemann — Germany, Georg Nagel — Germany
What Did the Laureates Discover?
The work of the three scientists established the scientific basis for using light to control electrical activity in cells.
1. Hegemann and Nagel: Discovery of Channelrhodopsins
- Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel identified and characterised channelrhodopsins.
- These are light-sensitive proteins found in the cell membranes of certain microorganisms, including green algae.
- Channelrhodopsins function as light-gated ion channels.
2. How Do Channelrhodopsins Work?
When exposed to the appropriate wavelength of light:
- The channelrhodopsin opens.
- Charged particles (ions) can move across the cell membrane.
- This changes the cell's electrical activity.
- In neurons, this can be used to influence whether the neuron becomes active or inactive.
Thus, light can be used as a highly precise trigger for controlling cellular activity.
Karl Deisseroth and the Development of Optogenetics
- Karl Deisseroth played a pioneering role in adapting light-sensitive microbial proteins for use in mammalian neurons.
- This work contributed to the development of optogenetics.
The technique made it possible to manipulate the activity of selected neurons with high temporal and spatial precision.
What is Optogenetics?
1. Optogenetics is a bioengineering technique that combines:
- Genetic engineering, to introduce light-sensitive proteins into selected cells, and
- Optical stimulation, to control those cells using light.
2. Basic Principle
- Light-sensitive protein → Light stimulation → Ion movement → Change in electrical activity → Neuronal activation/inhibition
- Optogenetics can therefore be used to rapidly switch selected neurons on or off while minimising unwanted stimulation of neighbouring neurons.
Why is Optogenetics Important?
1. Millisecond-Level Control
- Neuronal activity can be manipulated on a millisecond timescale.
- This closely matches the rapid electrical signalling of the nervous system.
2. High Precision
- Researchers can target specific populations of neurons rather than broadly stimulating surrounding brain tissue.
- This provides much greater experimental control than conventional electrical stimulation.
3. Establishing Causality
- One of its most important scientific contributions is that it allows researchers to investigate whether a particular pattern of neuronal activity causes a specific behaviour, rather than merely being associated with it.
- For example: Targeted neuronal activation → observed behavioural change
This helps researchers investigate the relationship between brain activity and behaviour.
Applications of Optogenetics
1. Brain Research
- Optogenetics has become an important tool for Mapping neural circuits, Understanding communication between different brain regions, Studying the neural basis of behaviour, Investigating mechanisms underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders
2. Disease Research
- The technique has contributed to research involving conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy, Depression
3. Vision Restoration
- Optogenetic approaches are also being investigated in retinal disorders.
- Experimental treatments have demonstrated partial restoration of vision in some patients with retinal disease.
Guru Nanak Dev (1469–1539)
Why in News?
- Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla paid tribute to Guru Nanak Dev on his Jyoti Jyot Divas, which commemorates the passing of the founder and first Guru of Sikhism.
- Guru Nanak Dev's teachings emphasised devotion to one formless God, equality, honest work, sharing and service, and played a foundational role in the development of the Sikh tradition.
Early Life
- Born: 1469
- Birthplace: Rai Bhoi di Talwandi, now known as Nankana Sahib in Pakistan.
- Guru Nanak Dev is regarded as the founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus
- He was a contemporary of Mughal Emperor Babur and Bhakti saint Kabir
Enlightenment and Spiritual Journey
- Guru Nanak Dev is traditionally associated with attaining spiritual enlightenment in 1496 at the Kali Bein (River Bein) near Sultanpur Lodi.
- His spiritual teachings challenged prevailing forms of ritualism, social discrimination and religious orthodoxy.
- He emphasised an individual's direct relationship with the Divine rather than dependence on ritual practices.
Core Teachings
1. Nirguna Bhakti
- Guru Nanak's philosophy is associated with Nirguna Bhakti, centred on devotion to a formless and omnipresent God.
2. Ik Onkar
- Ik Onkar expresses the belief in the oneness of the Divine.
- His teachings rejected Idol worship, Empty ritualism, Excessive ascetic practices, Caste-based discrimination, Religious orthodoxy devoid of ethical conduct
- His emphasis was on spiritual devotion combined with righteous living and social responsibility.
Three Cardinal Principles
1. Naam Japna
- Remembering and reciting God's name.
- Emphasises continuous spiritual remembrance and devotion.
2. Kirat Karni
- Earning through honest work.
- Encourages a life based on ethical labour and integrity.
3. Vand Chakna
- Sharing one's earnings and resources with others.
- Emphasises compassion, community welfare and social responsibility.
Social and Community Institutions
1. Langar
- A community kitchen and shared meal.
- Reinforced the principle that food should be shared irrespective of caste, social status or economic position.
2. Pangat
- Refers to people sitting and eating together in a common row.
- Symbolised social equality and rejection of caste-based distinctions.
3. Sangat
- Refers to the collective congregation/community.
- It provided a space for spiritual interaction and community participation.
4. Gender Equality
- Guru Nanak's teachings challenged social discrimination and affirmed the dignity and equality of women.
Kartarpur Sahib and Final Years
- During his later years, Guru Nanak established Kartarpur Sahib on the banks of the Ravi River.
- It became an important centre of the early Sikh community.
- He spent his final years organising and guiding the emerging Sikh community.
- Died: 1539 at Kartarpur.
Succession
Before his death, Guru Nanak Dev appointed Bhai Lehna as his successor.
- Bhai Lehna subsequently became Guru Angad Dev, the second Sikh Guru.
- The succession established the institutional continuity of the Sikh Guruship.
Literary Contribution
1. Important Works
- Japji Sahib — one of the most important compositions associated with Guru Nanak.
- Babur Bani — compositions reflecting on the devastation and suffering associated with Babur's invasions.
- His compositions comprise 974 hymns.
2. Guru Granth Sahib
- His hymns were preserved and incorporated into the Guru Granth Sahib by the subsequent Sikh Gurus.
- They remain central to Sikh religious and spiritual practice.
Guru Nanak Jayanti / Gurpurab
- Guru Nanak's birth anniversary is observed on Kartik Purnima.
- It is popularly known as Guru Nanak Jayanti, Gurpurab, Prakash Utsav
White House Accord on Superintelligence
Why in News?
- The US President signed the White House Accord on Superintelligence, a joint commitment with six major technology companies aimed at strengthening safety measures for frontier Artificial Intelligence (AI) models.
- The initiative seeks to establish common safety practices for some of the world's most capable AI systems.
White House Accord on Superintelligence
- Officially subtitled “Joint Commitment on Frontier Responsibilities.”
- It is a non-binding commitment undertaken by developers of frontier AI models.
- Frontier AI refers to the most capable and advanced AI systems, particularly models whose emerging capabilities may create significant opportunities as well as risks.
- The participating companies commit to introducing safety controls, monitoring mechanisms and independent audits.
- Six major technology companies signed the commitment: Google, Anthropic, Meta, OpenAI, xAI, Nvidia
Key Safety Commitments
The signatories have committed to establishing internal mechanisms for identifying and managing potential risks associated with advanced AI models.
Threat Monitoring
- Companies will monitor their models for potential risks involving Cyber threats, Biological threats, Chemical threats, Unintended or unauthorised hacking
- The objective is to identify potentially dangerous capabilities and ensure appropriate safeguards are maintained.
Oversight and Audit Mechanism
1. Internal Monitoring
- Each company will maintain an internal team responsible for implementing and monitoring the agreed safety controls.
2. Independent External Audit
- Independent external auditors will evaluate the effectiveness of the company's safety controls.
- This introduces an external layer of scrutiny beyond the companies' own internal assessments.
3. Independent Board-Level Review
- An independent board committee will review Internal monitoring reports and External audit findings
- It will also ensure that identified deficiencies are addressed and remediated.
- Simplified Framework: AI Model → Internal Safety Controls → External Audit → Independent Board Review → Remediation
Super Intelligence Executive Order
Alongside the Accord, the US President signed Executive Order 14434, titled “Inaugurating the Era of Super Intelligence.”
- Key Objective: The Executive Order seeks to use “Super Intelligence (SI)” instead of the broader term “AI” as the official terminology across the US executive branch for the relevant systems covered by the order.
- Rationale: The terminology is intended to acknowledge the rapidly advancing capabilities of frontier systems, which increasingly perform tasks that extend beyond simply imitating or automating aspects of human intelligence.
Scope of Super Intelligence under the Order
An important distinction is that the Executive Order does not necessarily treat every advanced or emerging technology as Super Intelligence.
- Under the Order, SI covers only those technologies and systems that existing US law defines as AI.
- Thus, the Order's terminology operates within the framework of the existing legal definition of AI.
Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
- Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) should be distinguished from the term Super Intelligence (SI) used in the Executive Order.
- Artificial Superintelligence is a hypothetical concept.
- It refers to an AI system whose cognitive capabilities would surpass human intelligence across virtually all domains.
- ASI has not been established as a demonstrated real-world technological category.
|
Concept |
Meaning |
|
Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
Technologies capable of performing tasks associated |
|
Frontier AI |
Highly capable, cutting-edge AI systems at the leading |
|
Super Intelligence (SI) |
Term adopted in the US executive context under the stated |
|
Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) |
Hypothetical AI surpassing human cognitive abilities |
Why is the Accord Significant?
- AI Safety: It places emphasis on risk assessment, monitoring and safeguards for increasingly capable AI systems.
- Independent Oversight: The combination of internal controls, external auditing and board-level review introduces multiple layers of accountability.
- Frontier AI Governance: The initiative reflects the growing international debate over how governments and technology companies should manage the risks associated with frontier AI.
- Emerging Threats: The Accord specifically highlights risks involving cybersecurity and biological and chemical threats, areas where highly capable AI could potentially have significant consequences.
2026 Asian Games: India Finishes 4th with 85 Medals
Why in News?
- India concluded its campaign at the 2026 Asian Games with 85 medals, including 21 gold, 27 silver and 37 bronze, securing 4th position overall.
- At the closing ceremony, the Asian Games ceremonial torch and flag were handed over to Qatar, which will host the next edition in Doha in 2030.
- Indian flag-bearer: Shooter Neeru Dhanda, who won two gold medals and one silver medal during the Games.
Asian Games
- The Asian Games are a major multi-sport event for athletes from Asian countries affiliated with the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
- The Games are organised under the sponsorship of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA).
- First Asian Games: 1951, New Delhi
- From 1954 onwards, the Games have generally been conducted at four-year intervals.
India's Performance in 2026
|
Category |
India's Result |
|
Total Medals |
85 |
|
Gold |
21 |
|
Silver |
27 |
|
Bronze |
37 |
|
Overall Position |
4th |
Major Highlights of India's Campaign
1. Cricket – Both Titles Retained
India successfully defended its Asian Games cricket titles in both categories.
- Women's final: India defeated Sri Lanka.
- Men's final: India defeated Pakistan.
Key Point: India therefore retained both men's and women's cricket gold medals.
2. Kabaddi – Double Gold
India secured gold medals in both men's and women's kabaddi.
- Men's team: Defeated Iran
- Women's team: Defeated Iran
Takeaway: India completed a double gold in kabaddi.
3. Hockey – Historic Double Gold
- Women's Hockey
- India defeated China in the final.
- It was India's first women's hockey gold at the Asian Games since 1982.
- Men's Hockey
- India defeated Malaysia to win gold.
- Earlier Indian men's hockey gold medals came in 1966, 1998, 2014, 2022
- Olympic Qualification: The men's and women's hockey teams also secured qualification for the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games.
- Historic Significance: The 2026 edition marked the first Asian Games in which both Indian men's and women's hockey teams won gold medals at the same edition.
4. 400m Hurdles – Vithya Ramraj
Indian athlete Vithya Ramraj won the bronze medal in the women's 400m hurdles.
- Timing: 54.75 seconds
- Previous national record: 55.42 seconds
- Previous record-holder: PT Usha
- Previous record set at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics
5. Archery
- Archery was among India's most successful disciplines.
- India won 9 medals in archery.
- The strong performance reinforced India's position in the sport at the continental level.
6. Boxing
- Boxing produced India's best Asian Games campaign in terms of gold medals, with 3 gold medals
7. Wrestling
- Indian wrestlers won 6 medals: 2 Gold, 2 Silver, 2 Bronze
- This became India's best Asian Games wrestling medal tally since the 1962 Jakarta Asian Games.
Host of the Next Asian Games
- Next edition: 2030
- Host city: Doha
- Country: Qatar
Cheetah Population in India Reaches 60 Under Project Cheetah
Why in News?
India's cheetah population under Project Cheetah has increased to 60 following the birth of five cubs at Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh.
Current Distribution
- Total cheetahs in India: 60
- Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh: 53
- Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh: 3
The increase reflects the ongoing efforts to establish a viable cheetah population in India through intercontinental translocation and breeding.
Project Cheetah
1. Background
- Project Cheetah was launched in 2022 to restore the cheetah population in India.
- It is described as the world's first intercontinental translocation project involving a large wild carnivore for species restoration.
- Cheetahs were historically present in India but were declared extinct in the country in 1952.
2. Implementing Agency
- The project is implemented by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) under the: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)
- The programme is supported by the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF).
3. Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF)
- An international organisation dedicated to the conservation of cheetahs in the wild.
- Founded: 1990
- Founded in: Namibia
|
Year |
Source Country |
Number of Cheetahs |
|
2022 |
Namibia |
8 |
|
2023 |
South Africa |
12 |
|
2026 |
Botswana |
9 |
Kuno National Park
- State: Madhya Pradesh
- Located across the Sheopur and Morena districts.
- Area: Approximately 748 sq. km
- Originally established as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1981.
- Subsequently upgraded to National Park status in 2018.
- Kuno was selected as the principal site for cheetah reintroduction because of its suitable habitat and prey base.
- It currently houses the largest share of India's cheetah population.
World Habitat Day 2026
Why in News?
- World Habitat Day was observed on 5 October 2026, focusing attention on the global need for adequate housing and sustainable human settlements.
- The day provides an opportunity to examine the condition of human settlements and reaffirm the basic human right to adequate shelter.
- 2026 Theme: “Adequate Housing for All”
World Habitat Day
- Observed: First Monday of October every year
- Established by: United Nations General Assembly
- Established: 1985
- First observed: 1986
- First celebration: Nairobi, Kenya
- World Habitat Day marks the beginning of Urban October, a month-long period dedicated to discussing urbanisation and sustainable urban development.
First Monday of October → World Habitat Day → Urban October begins
31 October → World Cities Day → Urban October concludes
Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL)
Why in News?
Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) observed its Diamond Jubilee Year on 4 October 2026, marking six decades of its contribution to India's indigenous uranium mining and processing sector.
Uranium Corporation of India Limited
- Established: 1967
- Nature: Public Sector Enterprise
- Administrative control: Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)
- Headquarters: Jaduguda, Jharkhand
- UCIL has played a key role in building India's domestic capability for uranium mining and processing, which is important for the country's nuclear-energy programme.
Mountain Guardian 2026
- The India–UAE Joint Military Exercise “Mountain Guardian 2026” commenced in Uttarakhand.
- Objective: To strengthen interoperability, mutual understanding and military cooperation between the two countries, with a particular emphasis on mountain warfare operations.
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