1 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 1 August 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

U.S. Announces 25% Tariff and Penalty on Indian Exports from August 1, 2025

Why in News

The United States has announced a 25% tariff and additional penalties on Indian exports, effective August 1, 2025, escalating trade tensions and signaling deeper concerns over strategic and economic divergences.

Background

• In April 2025, the U.S. had notified a 26% reciprocal tariff on Indian goods, which was temporarily put on hold.
• The new measures are part of broader tariff actions initiated by the U.S. since January 2025 against several trading partners.

Reasons Behind the Tariff Action

1. Growing Trade Deficit:

• In 2024, the U.S. goods trade deficit with India stood at $45.7 billion, a 5.4% increase over 2023.

2. Non-Monetary Trade Barriers:

• Allegations of agricultural subsidies and stringent sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) norms imposed by India are seen as limiting U.S. agricultural exports.

3. Geopolitical Factors:

• India’s BRICS membership is perceived by the U.S. as undermining the dollar-dominated global order.
• India-Russia ties, especially in defence and energy imports, have drawn U.S. scrutiny.
• Under the proposed Russian Sanctions Act, 2025, the U.S. plans to levy 500% duties on countries importing oil or petroleum products from Russia.

Implications for India

1. Trade Negotiation Pressure:

• The move may push India toward fast-tracking an interim Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with the U.S.
• Both nations aim to double bilateral trade from $131.8 billion (2024) to $500 billion by 2030.

2. Export Challenges:

• Pharmaceuticals at risk: India is a major exporter of non-patented (generic) drugs to the U.S.
• Tariff disadvantage: Indian goods now face higher tariffs than competitors like: Vietnam – 20% and Indonesia – 19%

3. Supply Chain Impact:

• Higher tariffs may lead to cost inflation, logistical delays, and market access issues for Indian exporters.

India’s Stand

India has reiterated its commitment to:

• A balanced and equitable trade partnership
• Protecting the interests of farmers, MSMEs, and entrepreneurs
• Negotiating a mutually beneficial BTA without compromising on national interests

NISAR Satellite

Why in News

• India and the United States marked a significant milestone in space collaboration with the successful launch of the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.
• This is the first-ever dual-frequency radar imaging mission, combining cutting-edge radar technology developed by both nations.

About NISAR Mission

• Type: Earth Observation Satellite (EOS)
• Purpose: To systematically map Earth’s surface - including land, ice, coastlines, islands, and selected oceanic regions - every 12 days, aiding climate research, disaster response, and agriculture planning.
• Orbit Details:
  - Orbit Type: Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSO)
  - Orbital Period: Completes a revolution around Earth every 97 minutes
  - Unique Achievement: First time ISRO’s GSLV has placed a satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit (usually reserved for LEO missions).
• Weight: Approximately 2,392 kilograms
• Launch Vehicle: ISRO’s GSLV-F16
• Mission Duration: Minimum of 5 years

Key Technological Features

1. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR):

• Utilizes dual-band radar: L-band provided by NASA and S-band developed by ISRO
• SAR sends radar pulses toward Earth and records the return signals to create high-resolution, all-weather imagery, even through clouds or at night.

2. SweepSAR Technique:

• Enhances radar imaging by covering a wide swath of terrain with high spatial resolution, making it ideal for large-scale environmental monitoring.

3. Spacecraft Bus:

• Built on ISRO’s I-3K platform, used for medium-size satellites.

4. Data Accessibility:

• Operates under an open-data policy, ensuring all collected data is freely available to the global scientific community, benefiting developing nations and research institutions worldwide.

About the Orbit Types

1. Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO):

• A type of polar orbit where the satellite moves in sync with the Sun, allowing consistent lighting conditions for imagery, useful in climate and environmental monitoring.

2. Polar Orbit:

• Typically between 200–1000 km in altitude.
• Satellites in polar orbits pass over Earth’s poles, offering global coverage over time.

Significance of the NISAR Mission

• Symbolizes deepening Indo-US strategic and scientific ties in space technology.
• Enhances global capacity to monitor: Climate change, Land-use changes, Natural disasters, Agricultural productivity
• Paves the way for collaborative space-based Earth science research.

UN Calls for Urgent Overhaul of Global Food Systems at UNFSS+4 Summit

Why in News

At the UN Food Systems Summit +4 Stocktake (UNFSS+4) held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the UN Deputy Secretary-General emphasized the urgent need to reform global food systems and released the second biennial progress report reviewing global efforts since the inaugural 2021 summit.

About the UN Food Systems Summit (UNFSS)

• Launched: In 2021 by the UN Secretary-General.
• Purpose: To transform food systems to be more resilient, inclusive, equitable, and sustainable, aligning with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

What Are Food Systems?

Definition: Food systems refer to the entire chain of actors and activities involved in producing, processing, distributing, consuming, and disposing of food sourced from agriculture, forestry, fisheries, etc.

Significance of Food Systems

1. Social Impact

• Interlinked with all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including health, nutrition, climate action, and biodiversity.
• Yet, 783 million people remain chronically undernourished.

2. Economic Importance

• Major source of employment and income, especially in agricultural households.
• However, systemic inefficiencies carry hidden global costs of $11.6 trillion annually.

3. Environmental Footprint

Account for:

• 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions
• 70% of freshwater use
• 80% of biodiversity loss

Why Are Global Food Systems Failing?

• Climate Vulnerability: Frequent extreme weather events and disasters disrupt food production and supply chains.
• Mounting Debt in LDCs: Least Developed Countries (LDCs) saw debt servicing rise from 3.1% to 12% of revenue (2010–2023), curtailing investment in food, health, and education.
• Weak Infrastructure: Up to one-third of all food is lost or wasted due to inadequate storage, poor transportation, and lack of access to markets.

India’s Wetlands Resolution Adopted at Ramsar CoP15 with Global Support

Why in News

At the 15th Conference of the Parties (CoP15) to the Ramsar Convention held in Zimbabwe, India's resolution titled “Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles for Wetlands” was formally adopted.
The resolution received backing from 172 countries, reinforcing India’s leadership in community-centric and sustainable wetland conservation.

About the Resolution

• Theme: Advocates for Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment)-aligned sustainable practices for wetlands.
• Objective: Encourage individual and collective actions that are eco-conscious and water-sensitive, especially in wetland-rich regions.
• Significance: Establishes the linkage between climate-resilient lifestyles and wetland conservation at a global governance level.

Mission LiFE: India's Global Climate Initiative

• Launched by: India at COP26, Glasgow (2021)
• Aim: Promote environmentally responsible lifestyles and reduce ecological footprints.
• Global Recognition: Now embedded in global climate and environmental forums including G20 and Ramsar platforms.

Understanding the ‘Wise Use’ Principle under Ramsar Convention

• Definition: “Wise use” refers to maintaining the ecological character of wetlands through ecosystem-based, sustainable development approaches.
• Core Idea: Conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands for the benefit of both people and nature.
• Obligation of Parties: Integrate wise use into national wetland policies, legal frameworks, site-specific management plans, and public awareness efforts.

India’s Implementation of the Wise Use Principle

1. Policy & Frameworks

• National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA): Umbrella scheme for wetland and lake protection.
• 2024 Implementation Framework: “Wetland Wise Use” released to guide actions across states.

2. Management Tools

• Integrated Management Plans (IMPs): Outline strategies for conservation, sustainable tourism, and pollution control.
• Mission Sahbhagita: Promotes community participation in wetland governance.

3. Citizen Engagement

• Save Wetlands Campaign: Over 2 million citizens mobilized as volunteers.
• Impact: Mapping and documentation of 1.7 lakh+ wetlands achieved through public participation.

MoSPI to Revamp GDP, IIP, and CPI Base Years

Why in News

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has announced major reforms in India’s key economic indicators to reflect structural shifts and leverage alternative data sources.

Key Reforms Proposed

1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product):

• Base Year Revision: From 2011–12 to 2022–23
• New Data Sources: GST returns, E-Vahan, UPI, CGA, MCA-21, RBI

2. IIP (Index of Industrial Production):

• Base Year Update: From 2011–12 to 2022–23

3. CPI (Consumer Price Index):

• Base Year Update: From 2012 to 2024
• Alternative Data Sources: Online fares (air, rail), OTT prices, fuel prices from administrative records

4. ASSSE (Annual Survey of Service Sector Enterprises):

• New survey to measure formal service sector output akin to Annual Survey of Industries

5. HCES (Household Consumption Expenditure Survey):

• Frequency changed from every 5 years to every 3 years

Rationale Behind the Reforms

• Reflect Evolving Economy: Incorporate shifts in consumption patterns and emerging sectors
• Enhanced Accuracy: Use of digital and administrative data for real-time, granular insights
• Capture True Economic Growth: Updated base years help measure inflation-adjusted, real growth

UNSC 1267 Committee Attributes Pahalgam Terror Attack to Lashkar Proxy, TRF

Why in News?

A recent report by the UN Security Council's 1267 Sanctions Committee Monitoring Team confirmed that The Resistance Front (TRF)—a front group for the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)—was responsible for the Pahalgam terror attack. Notably, the report was unanimously adopted by all 15 UNSC members, including Pakistan.

About the UNSC 1267 Sanctions Committee

1. Mandate:

• Oversees sanctions imposed on terrorist entities and individuals affiliated with ISIS (Da’esh), Al-Qaida, and their associates.
• Ensures that member states implement measures like asset freezes, travel bans, and arms embargoes against listed individuals/groups.

2. Member Responsibilities:

• All UN member states are obligated to take action against entities listed under the committee.

3. Current Chair:

• Denmark (Tenure till December 2025)

Significance of the Report

• Acknowledges the operational role of TRF in cross-border terrorism.
• Marks rare consensus among all UNSC members, especially including Pakistan, a country often accused of shielding LeT operatives.
• Reinforces India’s long-standing position on Pakistan-sponsored terrorism.

Supreme Court Recognises Right to Safe and Motorable Roads as a Fundamental Right

Why in News

In the landmark case UPP Tollways v. MP Road Development Corporation, the Supreme Court of India has declared that citizens have a fundamental right to safe and motorable roads, reinforcing constitutional protections under the right to life and freedom of movement.

Key Highlights of the Judgment

1. Fundamental Right Affirmed:

The right to safe and navigable roads is now deemed a part of:

• Article 21: Right to life and personal liberty
• Article 19(1)(g): Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business (as free movement is a precondition to these rights)

2. Public Duty Over Private Contracts:

• The Court clarified that road maintenance and safety are sovereign responsibilities of the State authorities.
• Private contractors cannot be held solely accountable; ultimate accountability lies with the government.

Implications

• Strengthens legal recourse for citizens against poor road conditions.
• Mandates the government to ensure infrastructure that meets safety standards.
• Reinforces the notion that basic infrastructure is a constitutional entitlement, not a privilege.

Over ₹11 Lakh Crore Disbursed to Women SHGs under DAY-NRLM

Why in News

The Government informed that loans exceeding ₹11 lakh crore have been disbursed to women Self-Help Groups (SHGs) under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), reflecting the mission's broad impact in empowering rural women economically.

About DAY-NRLM

1. Nodal Ministry:

• Ministry of Rural Development

2. Objective:

• To organize and empower rural poor women through Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
• Enable sustainable livelihoods and improve socio-economic conditions

Key Features and Support Mechanism

• Credit Support: Loans and financial inclusion backed by the Women Enterprise Acceleration Fund.
• Income Generation: Promotes both farm-based and non-farm-based livelihood options
• Inclusivity through Behavioural Change: Implements Social Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) to ensure inclusive participation, especially for marginalised communities
• Digital and Financial Literacy: Trains SHG members as Banking Correspondent Sakhis to deliver doorstep banking services in rural areas
• Geographical Coverage: Implemented across India except Delhi and Chandigarh

Significance

• Enhances women’s agency and financial independence
• Fosters rural entrepreneurship and inclusive development
• Plays a crucial role in India's journey towards self-reliant villages and grassroots empowerment

Sacred Piprahwa Relics of Lord Buddha Returned to India

Why in News

India has welcomed the return of the Piprahwa Relics of Lord Buddha, revered as sacred body relics, further strengthening its spiritual heritage and global Buddhist ties.

About the Piprahwa Relics

1. Discovery:

• Unearthed in 1898 by British engineer William Claxton Peppé in Piprahwa, Siddharthnagar district, Uttar Pradesh — believed to be ancient Kapilavastu, the hometown of Buddha.

2. Significance:

• Believed to be the mortal remains (body relics) of Gautama Buddha
• One of the most sacred Buddhist relics globally

3. Key Features:

• Bone fragments, Soapstone and crystal caskets, A sandstone coffer, Offerings such as gold ornaments
• Brahmi inscription confirms the relics were deposited by the Sakya clan (Buddha’s family)

4. Enshrinement:

• Likely enshrined in the 3rd century BCE, during the Mauryan era

Legal Status

• Classified as ‘AA’ antiquities under Indian heritage laws
• Prohibited from sale or permanent removal from the country

Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 Comes into Force from August 1

Why in News

The Central Government has notified 1st August 2025 as the commencement date for key provisions of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025, aimed at modernising and strengthening banking governance in India.

Key Features of the Amendment

• RBI Act, 1934
• Banking Regulation Act, 1949
• SBI Act, 1955
• Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Acts of 1970 & 1980

Major Changes Introduced

1. Substantial Interest Threshold Raised:

• Limit increased from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore
• First revision since 1968
• Aims to reflect inflation-adjusted value and current financial realities

2. Tenure for Cooperative Bank Directors Extended:

• Tenure for directors (excluding chairpersons and full-time directors) raised from 8 to 10 years
• Aligns with the 97th Constitutional Amendment, which emphasises cooperative autonomy and good governance

3. Public Sector Banks (PSBs):

• Unclaimed shares/funds can now be transferred to the Investor Education and Protection Fund
• PSBs allowed to pay statutory auditors-expected to enhance audit quality and accountability

Significance

• Strengthens governance norms across public and cooperative banks
• Modernises outdated thresholds
• Improves transparency, accountability, and investor protection in the banking sector

UN Women Celebrates 15 Years of Championing Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment

Why in News

UN Women recently marked its 15th anniversary since its establishment in 2010.

About UN Women

1. Established:

• Created by a UN General Assembly resolution in 2010

2. Headquarters:

• New York
• USA

3. Mandate:

• Promote gender equality, women’s rights, and empowerment
• Supports the implementation of international standards on gender equality

4. Secretariat Role:

• Serves as the secretariat for the UN Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)

Governance Structure

1. UN Women has a multi-tiered intergovernmental governance system comprising:

• UN General Assembly
• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
• UN Women Executive Board

2. The Executive Board includes 41 Member States, each elected by ECOSOC for a three-year term.

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