1 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India’s Renewed Energy Push: MNRE’s Bioenergy Overhaul

Why in News?

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) rolled out updated guidelines under the National Bioenergy Programme, focusing on Waste to Energy and Biomass initiatives to promote clean energy.

National Bioenergy Programme (NBP) – A Revamped Framework for Green Energy

1. Overview

• Launched: 2022
• Implementation: In two phases
• Budget: ₹1,715 crore, Phase I: 2021–22 to 2025–26
• Purpose:

- Harness surplus biomass, especially from rural areas, to generate power.
- Supplement rural incomes and reduce environmental degradation.

2. What is Bioenergy?

a. A renewable energy form obtained by burning organic materials such as:

• Agricultural residues
• Harvested crops
• Household organic waste

b. Plays a key role in sustainable development and carbon neutrality.

Key Components of the Revised Guidelines

1. Waste to Energy (WtE) Programme

Focus: Utilizing industrial, agricultural, and urban waste for clean energy production.

• Ease of Doing Business: Simplified approvals, especially for MSMEs.
• CFA Disbursal (Central Financial Assistance):

- Stage 1: 50% after Pollution Control Board clearance (with bank guarantee).
- Stage 2: Balance after reaching 80% of projected capacity (or lower limit).

• End Outputs Supported: Biogas, Bio-CNG, Syngas, and Power generation.

2. Biomass Programme

Focus: Support for non-bagasse biomass plants and briquette/pellet units.

• Reduced Compliance Burden: No mandatory clearances for briquette/pellet manufacturers.
• Smart Tech Integration: Encourages IoT-based monitoring for efficiency and transparency.
• Stubble Management Support: Pellet manufacturers in Delhi-NCR and nearby states can choose funding from MNRE or CPCB schemes.
• Market Flexibility: Performance-linked subsidies and open access to biomass markets.

3. Biogas Programme

Focus: Decentralized biogas units for households and small communities.

a. Target Benefits:

• Clean cooking fuel
• Electricity for small-scale needs
• Better sanitation
• Empowerment of rural women

b. Composition of Biogas:

• Roughly 95% methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)
• Trace amounts: Nitrogen (N₂), Hydrogen (H₂), Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S), Oxygen (O₂)

Central Financial Assistance (CFA): A Closer Look

1. Support based on project type, capacity, and compliance.

2. Special provisions: 20% additional CFA for:

• Northeastern states
• Hilly regions
• SC/ST entrepreneurs

Significance of the Programme

• Addresses rural biomass surplus and reduces stubble burning.
• Aligns with India’s climate goals and renewable energy targets.
• Promotes inclusive development, clean technology, and economic resilience.

Delhi Gears Up for Its Maiden Artificial Rain Initiative

Why in News?

• In an unprecedented move, the Delhi government, in collaboration with IIT Kanpur, plans to carry out the city’s first cloud seeding operation to tackle severe air pollution.

What is Artificial Rain?

• Artificial rain, or cloud seeding, involves the deliberate modification of clouds to induce rainfall. This process is designed to either increase precipitation, disperse fog, or manage weather conditions.

How It Works

• Technique: Specialized chemicals are released into the atmosphere to trigger condensation.
• Substances Used:

- Silver iodide
- Potassium iodide
- Dry ice (solid CO₂)

• Mechanism: These particles act as nuclei, around which water vapor condenses and forms droplets that eventually fall as rain.

Types of Cloud Seeding

1. Hygroscopic Seeding

• Targets warm (liquid) clouds
• Promotes faster coalescence of water droplets.

2. Glaciogenic Seeding

• Applied to supercooled clouds
• Stimulates the formation of ice crystals, which later melt into rain.

Potential Advantages

• Agricultural Aid: Provides rain during dry spells, supporting crop growth and rural livelihoods.
• Water Security: Can be an additional measure to alleviate drought and replenish reservoirs.
• Pollution Reduction: Helps wash out dust and airborne pollutants, improving air quality.
• Weather Regulation: May assist in managing hail, snow, or excessive fog.

Key Concerns

• Flood and Landslide Risks: Uncontrolled rainfall could trigger flash floods and soil erosion.
• Disruption of Weather Patterns: Potential to alter rainfall distri:bution, possibly causing drought elsewhere.
• Ecological Impact: Chemical residues may contaminate water bodies, harming fish and aquatic life.
• Health Hazards: Accumulation of chemicals in soil and crops could affect human and animal health.

India’s Maternal-Child Health Milestones

Why in News?

• United Nations Inter-Agency Groups released two landmark reports - Trends in Maternal Mortality (2000–2023) and Levels & Trends in Child Mortality (2024) —spotlighting India’s significant strides in reducing maternal and child deaths.

Global Reports at a Glance

These UN publications present worldwide progress in:

• Maternal mortality reduction
• Child survival improvements
• Coverage of essential health interventions

India’s performance outpaced global averages across multiple indicators.

Key Achievements of India

1. Decline in Maternal & Child Mortality Rates

a. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

• India achieved an 86% reduction since 1990.
• In comparison, the global decline was 48%.
• Definition: Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

b. Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR)

• 78% reduction in India.
• Global reduction: 61%.
• Definition: Deaths of children under 5 years per 1,000 live births.

c. Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)

• India reported a 70% decline.
• The global average drop was 54%.
• Definition: Deaths within the first 29 days of life per 1,000 live births.

2. Vaccination Success: Eliminating Zero-Dose Children

Zero-Dose Children:

• Children who have not received their first DTP vaccine dose.
• India reduced this share from 0.11% (2023) to 0.06% (2024) of the total population.

Major Public Health Initiatives Driving Progress

1. Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)

• Reach: Covers 2.9 crore pregnant women and 2.6 crore infants each year with free vaccinations.
• Expansion of Vaccine Basket from 6 vaccines in 2013 to 12 vaccines today.

2. Mission Indradhanush

• Launch: 2014
• Intensified Mission Indradhanush: From 2017 onwards
• Impact: Vaccinated over 5.46 crore children and 1.32 crore pregnant women.
• Objective: Rapidly improve immunization coverage in areas with low vaccine uptake.

3. Zero-Dose Implementation Plan (2024)

• Targeted intervention rolled out in 143 districts across 11 states.
• Focus: Addressing regions with high proportions of unvaccinated children.

4. Village Health and Nutrition Days (VHNDs)

• Community-based platforms offering Regular immunization, Health check-ups, Nutrition counselling.

5. Digital Innovations & Outreach

• U-WIN Platform: Tracks individual immunization status electronically.
• IEC Campaigns: Proactive communication to reduce vaccine hesitancy.
• Frontline Workforce: A network of ASHAs, ANMs, and other health workers drives last-mile delivery.

Polio-Free Status

• India has sustained polio elimination since 2014.
• Conducts National Immunization Days (NIDs) to prevent re-emergence.

National Turmeric Board Headquarters Inaugurated in Telangana

Why in News?

• The headquarters of the National Turmeric Board was officially inaugurated in Nizamabad, Telangana in January 2025.
• The Board was notified in October 2023 by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry to promote and coordinate turmeric-related initiatives across India.

About the National Turmeric Board

1. Objective:

• To provide strategic leadership for the turmeric sector and ensure synergized action among stakeholders including the Spices Board, government departments, farmers, and exporters.
• Enhance production, research, market outreach, and value-added exports of turmeric.

2. Administrative Setup:

a. Ministry in Charge: Commerce & Industry

b. Chairperson: Appointed by the Central Government

c. Secretary: Appointed by the Department of Commerce

d. Board Members Include:

• Representatives from:

- Ministry of AYUSH
- Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
- Department of Pharmaceuticals

• Senior officials from three state governments (on a rotational basis)
• Experts from research institutions
• Representatives of turmeric farmers and exporters

3. Core Functions:

• Promote research and innovation in turmeric cultivation
• Strengthen supply chains and ensure better post-harvest management
• Raise awareness about health benefits of turmeric
• Facilitate export growth and market expansion
• Encourage value addition and quality certification

India’s Dominance in Turmeric Production

1. National & Global Footprint:

a. India’s Global Share:

• Produces over 70% of the world’s turmeric
• Exports account for 62% of the global turmeric trade

b. Production Diversity:

• Nearly 30 turmeric varieties are cultivated in over 20 Indian states

c. Key Producing States:

• Telangana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh
• These states together contribute 63.4% of India’s turmeric output

2. Leading Export Destinations:

• Bangladesh
• United Arab Emirates (UAE)
• United States of America (USA)
• Malaysia

3. GI-Tagged Turmeric Varieties in India

• Sangli Turmeric: Maharashtra
• Waigaon Turmeric: Maharashtra
• Erode Manjal (Turmeric): Tamil Nadu
• Lakadong Turmeric: Meghalaya

Botanical and Agronomic Aspects of Turmeric

1. What is Turmeric?

• A rhizome-based spice, often referred to as "Golden Spice"
• Used both as a culinary ingredient and for its medicinal properties

2. Growing Conditions:

• Climate: Thrives in tropical zones
• Temperature: Between 20°C to 30°C
• Rainfall: Requires 1500 mm or more annually
• Soil Type: Best suited to well-drained sandy loam or clay loam

3. Health Benefits:

• Rich in antioxidants
• Possesses anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting properties
• Widely used in Ayurveda, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics

Remittances to India Reach Record Highs

Why in News?

• A recent RBI report revealed that India received $135.46 billion in remittances during 2024–25, marking a 14% increase over the previous year.
• This figure reflects more than double the remittance inflows since 2016–17, when receipts were $61 billion.

Significance of Remittances for India

1. Strong Contribution to the Economy

• In FY25, remittances accounted for over 10% of India’s $1 trillion gross current account inflows.
• They play a vital role in maintaining balance of payments stability.

2. Support in Managing Trade Deficit

• Remittances helped offset nearly 47% of India’s $287 billion merchandise trade deficit, easing pressure on the external account.

3. Reliable and Stable Financing

• Unlike foreign direct investment (FDI), remittance flows are more resilient and consistent.
• Remittance inflows have surpassed gross inward FDI, making them a crucial and dependable source of external funding.

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