1 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 1 October 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) – Crime in India 2023 Report

Why in News

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has released the Crime in India 2023 report, highlighting changing trends in criminal activity across the country.

Key Findings (Comparison with 2022)

1. Overall Crime:

• 6.24 million cases registered in 2023 → 7.2% rise from 2022.
• Crime rate increased to 448.3 per lakh population (from 422.2 in 2022).
• On average, one crime occurred every five seconds in 2023.

2. Changing Crime Patterns:

• Decline in traditional violent crimes (e.g., rape, dowry deaths).
• Surge in cyber and urban crimes, reflecting digital and metropolitan vulnerabilities.

3. Cybercrime:

• Rose by 31.2% in 2023.
• Fraud-related cases dominate, exposing risks of rapid digital adoption without adequate cyber hygiene.

4. Metropolitan Cities:

• Witnessed sharper rise in crime (10.6%).
• Delhi reported the highest number of cases, indicating urban pressures and improved reporting.

5. Crimes Against Vulnerable Sections

• Women: Crimes rose marginally (0.7%). Domestic cruelty accounts for 29.8% of total cases, reflecting persistent patriarchal issues.
• Scheduled Castes (SCs): Crimes saw a marginal rise.
• Scheduled Tribes (STs): Crimes surged 28.8%, largely linked to ethnic conflicts in states like Manipur.
• Children: Crimes increased by 9.2%, with a significant share under POCSO Act, highlighting both vulnerability and improved reporting.

About NCRB

1. Establishment:

• 1986, based on recommendations of the Tandon Committee, National Police Commission (1977–81), and MHA Task Force (1985).

2. Ministry:

• Functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).

3. Key Functions:

• Serves as the national repository of crime and criminal data to aid investigations.
• Manages the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS).
• Publishes three key reports:
  - Crime in India
  - Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India
  - Prison Statistics India

USA’s 20-Point Peace Plan to Resolve the Israel–Gaza Conflict

Why in News

The United States has unveiled a 20-point peace roadmap aimed at ending the prolonged Israel–Gaza conflict, which has seen renewed escalation for over two years.

Ongoing Israel–Gaza Conflict

• The latest phase of violence began with Hamas’ Operation Al-Aqsa Storm against Israel.
• However, the roots of the conflict date back over a century, shaped by competing claims over land, identity, and sovereignty.

Historical Context of the Conflict

1. Balfour Declaration (1917):

• Britain supported the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
• Sparked resentment as Jews were a minority, while Arabs were the majority population.

2. Creation of Israel (1947–48):

• UN proposed partitioning Palestine between Arabs and Jews.
• Jews declared the State of Israel in 1948.
• Arab nations rejected the plan, leading to successive wars.

3. 1967 Six-Day War:

• Israel gained control of West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem.
• Nearly a million Palestinians came under Israeli occupation.

4. Yom Kippur (Ramadan) War, 1973:

• Arab states launched a surprise attack on Israel.
• Paved the way for the Camp David Accords (1978)—the first Arab recognition of Israel by Egypt.

5. Post-1979 Scenario:

• Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, but retained significant control over the West Bank and Gaza, fueling further disputes.

10 Years of UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Why in News

September 2025 marks a decade since the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a global framework aimed at eradicating poverty, reducing inequality, and ensuring sustainable development by 2030.

About SDGs

• Origin: Adopted at the UN Summit in September 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
• Definition of Sustainable Development: First outlined in the Brundtland Commission Report (1987)—meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations.
• Scope: 17 Goals and 169 targets spanning social, economic, and environmental dimensions.

India’s Integration of SDGs into Development Planning

1. SDG India Index:

• Developed by NITI Aayog to rank States and UTs based on progress, fostering competition and accountability.

2. Localization of SDGs:

• Panchayat Advancement Index adopted by 2.5 lakh+ village councils.
• District-level implementation through programmes like the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP).

3. Institutionalization:

• States aligning budgets worth billions of dollars with SDG targets.

4. Inclusive Approach:

• Engagement of civil society, academia, and private sector through three rounds of Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs).

India’s Progress on Select SDGs

• SDG 1 – No Poverty: Over 135 million people have exited multidimensional poverty.
• SDG 2 – Zero Hunger: Undernourishment remains at 13.7% of the population.
• SDG 3 – Good Health & Well-Being: Maternal Mortality Ratio declined from 130 (2014–16) to 80.5 (2020–22) per 100,000 live births.
• SDG 4 – Quality Education: Net primary enrollment rate has reached 99.9%.

NCRB’s Prison Statistics India (PSI) 2023 Report

Why in News

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) released the Prison Statistics India 2023 report, highlighting structural and systemic challenges in India’s correctional facilities and underlining the urgent need for governance reforms.

Major Concerns in India’s Prison System

1. Overcrowding:

• National prison occupancy stands at 120.8%, creating strain on infrastructure and resources.

2. Undertrial Prisoners:

• 73.5% of inmates are undertrials, reflecting judicial delays and lack of timely access to bail.

3. Mental Health & Deaths

• Rising unnatural custodial deaths, mostly due to suicides, point to neglect of inmates’ psychological well-being.

4. Female Inmates’ Vulnerability:

• Women constitute 4.1% of the prison population.
• Issues include absence of gender-sensitive facilities, poor hygiene, and inadequate medical care.

Ongoing Initiatives for Prison Reforms

• Model Prison and Correctional Services Act, 2023: Replaces punitive colonial legacy with a reformative, rehabilitative, and rights-based approach.
• Undertrial Review Committees (URCs): Established by the Supreme Court to periodically review undertrial cases and recommend bail/release.
• E-Prisons Project: A centralized digital database of prisoners for efficient monitoring and transparency.
• FASTER System (Fast and Secured Transmission of Electronic Records): Enables electronic transmission of court orders to prisons in real-time.

India Showcases Dairy & Livestock Leadership at FAO Global Conference, Rome

Why in News

At the FAO Global Conference on Sustainable Livestock Transformation in Rome, the Union Minister highlighted India’s farmer-centric policies, innovations, and reforms that have positioned the country as a global leader in the dairy and livestock sector.

Status of India’s Dairy & Livestock Sector

1. Economic Contribution:

• Livestock contributes 31% of agricultural GVA and 5.5% to national GDP.

2. Global Ranking:

• 1st in milk production.
• 2nd in egg production.
• 5th in meat production.

3. Livelihoods:

• Supports nearly two-thirds of rural households.
• India has the largest livestock population in the world.

Key Challenges

1. Feed & Fodder Shortage:

• Only 5% of cultivable land under fodder cultivation, despite hosting 15% of the world’s livestock.

2. Low Insurance Coverage:

• Merely 1% of livestock is insured.

3. Economic Losses from Diseases:

• High prevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, Hemorrhagic Septicemia etc.

4. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR):

• India ranks 4th globally in antibiotics use in animals.

5. Other Issues:

• Underutilization of funds.
• Persistently low productivity.

Major Government Initiatives

1. Rashtriya Gokul Mission:

• Conservation and genetic improvement of indigenous cattle breeds.

2. Livestock Vaccination Drive:

• Over 1.2 billion doses administered annually to prevent major diseases.

3. Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF):

• USD 3.5 billion fund to support investments in dairy, feed plants, breeding, and processing facilities.

4. MAITRIs & A-HELP:

• MAITRIs: Trained local youth for AI and breeding services.
• A-HELP: Empowering rural women in livestock healthcare delivery.

National Biodiversity Authority Sanctions Funds for Red Sanders Conservation under ABS Mechanism

Why in News

The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) has sanctioned funds under the Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanism to raise one lakh Red Sanders saplings for distribution among farmers in Andhra Pradesh.

Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) Mechanism in India

1. Origin:

• Concept introduced under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992 and reinforced by the Nagoya Protocol, 2010.

2. Definition:

• Ensures regulated access to biological resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits between users (e.g., pharma companies) and providers (e.g., local communities).

3. Legal Framework:

• Implemented through the Biological Diversity (BD) Act, 2002.

4. Institutional Structure:

• National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) - central level (HQ: Chennai).
• State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) - state level.
• Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) - local level.

5. Notable Example:

• Kani Tribe, Kerala: Traditional knowledge of Arogyapacha used in developing the drug ‘Jeevani’.
• Royalty benefits were equitably shared with the tribe under ABS.

About Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus)

1. Habitat:

• Endemic to the Southern Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh.
• Thrives in dry deciduous forests at altitudes of 150–900 meters.

2. Uses:

• Fine furniture, musical instruments, Ayurveda formulations.
• Source of natural red dye.

3. Conservation Status:

• IUCN Red List: Endangered.
• CITES: Appendix II.
• Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule IV.

4. Major Threats:

• Illegal logging.
• Smuggling driven by high global demand.

Gold Tailings: India’s Push for Domestic Gold Production

India is exploring the potential of extracting gold from mine tailings to boost its domestic production and reduce import dependence.

About Gold Tailings

1. Definition:

• Residual fine slurry left after gold extraction, often containing traces of unrecovered metals along with toxic processing chemicals.

2. Environmental Hazards:

• Acid Mine Drainage (AMD): Leads to water contamination.
• Heavy Metal Leaching: Arsenic, Lead, and other toxins pollute soil and water.
• Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) Risks: Structural failures can cause large-scale disasters.

India’s Gold Scenario

• Production (FY 2024–25): 1.62 tonnes of domestic output.
• Reserves: RBI’s official gold reserves reached ~880 tonnes in 2025, ranking 7th globally.
• Consumption: India is the second-largest gold consumer in the world, after China.

Northern White Rhino: Spotlight in Award-Winning Docu-Series

The Mumbai-based docu-series, The Resurrection Quest, won the Gold Dolphin at the 16th Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards.

The series features the Northern White Rhino IVF program, capturing global conservation efforts.

About Northern White Rhino

1. Taxonomy & Habitat:

• A subspecies of the white rhinoceros, once widespread across Central Africa.
• Known for its massive size, broad mouth, and two prominent horns.

2. Conservation Status:

• IUCN: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct in the Wild).
• Only two females, Najin and Fatu, survive in Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Kenya.
• Last male, Sudan, died in 2018, marking functional extinction and the end of natural breeding.

3. Conservation Efforts:

• Use of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and advanced reproductive technologies.
• Employing cryopreserved sperm from deceased males and surrogate Southern White Rhino mothers to attempt species revival.

Wassenaar Arrangement: Challenges in Regulating Modern Technology

Experts have raised concerns that the Wassenaar Arrangement is struggling to effectively regulate modern technology transfers, including cloud services and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platforms.

About Wassenaar Arrangement

• Establishment: Founded in 1996 at Wassenaar, Netherlands, as a multilateral export control regime.
• Objective: Promote transparency and responsibility in the transfer of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
• Membership: 42 participating states worldwide, including India.

Control Framework

• Munitions List: Covers conventional arms and related military equipment.
• Dual-Use Goods and Technologies List: Covers sensitive items with both civilian and military applications.

India’s Involvement

Joined: 2017, enhancing India’s role in global export control and strategic technology governance.

Indian Army Awards Contract for ‘Anant Shastra’ Air Defence System

Indian Army has awarded a contract to Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for the development and supply of the ‘Anant Shastra’ air defence system, bolstering India’s indigenous missile defence capabilities.

About Anant Shastra

• Type: Indigenous Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM) system.
• Developers: DRDO, in collaboration with BEL and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).
• Capabilities: Highly mobile and agile and Range is Approximately 30 km.
• Integration: Can operate alongside MR-SAM, Akash, Spyder, and Sudarshan S-400 systems for layered air defence.
• Deployment: Planned for western and northern borders once formally approved.

India–Bhutan Cross-Border Railway Projects

India has announced two cross-border railway projects to strengthen connectivity with Bhutan:

• Kokrajhar (Assam) – Gelephu (Bhutan): 69 km
• Banarhat (West Bengal) – Samtse (Bhutan): 20 km

Strategic Significance

• Support to Gelephu Mindfulness City (GMC): Enhanced connectivity to GMC, a Special Administrative Region (SAR) under the “One Country, Two Systems” model, will create new opportunities for sustainable and inclusive economic development.
• Industrial Linkages: The Samtse line will boost trade by improving access to Bhutan’s industrial hub, known for exports such as dolomite and quartzite.
• Economic Partnership: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, accounting for nearly 80% of Bhutan’s total trade, and the projects will further consolidate this relationship.

Bathukamma Festival

The Bathukamma Festival celebrations in Telangana have set two Guinness World Records, highlighting its cultural vibrancy and global recognition.

About the Festival

• Nature: A floral festival primarily celebrated by women in Telangana and parts of Andhra Pradesh.
• Timing: Observed annually for nine days during Durga Navratri.
• Rituals: Involves preparing Bathukamma—an artistic floral arrangement using seasonal flowers, many with medicinal properties.
• Meaning: Bathukamma translates to “come back to life, Mother” and is dedicated to Goddess Parvati.
• Status: Officially declared as the State Festival of Telangana.

Sahyog Portal

X (formerly Twitter) will appeal against the Karnataka High Court judgment that upheld the legality of the Sahyog Portal.

About the Portal

• Objective: Automates the process of sending legal notices to online intermediaries (platforms/ISPs) for removal or disabling of unlawful content.
• Nodal Agency: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
• Legal Backing: Functions under Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act, 2000, mandating swift action against cyber-enabled unlawful activities.

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