1 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India – Japan 15th Annual Summit: Joint Vision for Next Decade

India and Japan concluded the 15th Annual Summit with the announcement of a Joint Vision for Next Decade, setting an ambitious roadmap to deepen cooperation in strategic, economic, technological, and cultural domains.

Key Highlights of Summit

1. India–Japan Joint Vision for Next Decade

A 10 – year Strategic Framework across 8 Priority Areas:

• Economic partnership
• Economic security
• Mobility and human resource exchange
• Technology and innovation
• Energy and sustainable development
• Defense and security cooperation
• Cultural collaboration
• Global governance and multilateralism

2. Major Announcements

• Investment Target: Japan pledged 10 Trillion Yen Investment in India over Next Decade.
• Human Resource Exchange Plan:
  - Exchange of 5 lakh people between both countries.
  - Includes 50,000 skilled and semi-skilled Indians over the next 5 years under the Next-Generation Mobility Partnership.
• India–Japan Digital Partnership 2.0:
  - Launch of India–Japan AI Initiative.
  - Joint R&D in frontier technologies like AI, quantum, and emerging tech.
• Joint Crediting Mechanism: Encouraging Japanese investment in India’s green growth and sustainable projects.

3. Defence and Security Cooperation

• Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation: Framework for strengthening defense ties under the Economic Security Initiative.
• Military Engagements:
  - Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA).
  - Regular bilateral/multilateral exercises: Dharma Guardian, Shinyuu Maitri, JIMEX.
• Indo-Pacific Security Convergence: Shared concerns over China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea.

4. Other Agreements and MoUs

• Space Collaboration: Joint Lunar Polar Exploration Mission.
• Sustainable Energy: Cooperation in clean hydrogen and ammonia under the Sustainable Fuel Initiative.
• Mineral Resources: Strengthening raw material security.
• Cultural Exchange & Human Development: Expanded cooperation in culture, education, and skill-building.
• Domestic Wastewater Management: Joint projects for sustainable urban development.

5. Strategic & Global Significance

• Reformed Multilateralism:
  - Joint support for UNSC reforms
  - Active partnership in groupings such as Quad, G20, and G4.
• Industrial Collaboration:
  - India–Japan Industrial Competitiveness Partnership.
  - India–Japan SME Forum to boost industrial and small business cooperation.

Supreme Court at Full Strength with 34 Judges

The appointment of two new judges has brought the Supreme Court of India to its sanctioned full strength of 34 judges. Process of appointment is governed by the Collegium system, evolved through judicial pronouncements.

About the Collegium System

1. Definition:

• A system where appointments and transfers of judges in the Supreme Court (SC) and High Courts (HC) are recommended by a group of senior judges.

2. Constitutional Basis:

• Article 124 – Appointment of Supreme Court judges.
• Article 217 – Appointment of High Court judges.

3. Composition:

• For SC appointments: Chief Justice of India (CJI) + 4 senior-most judges of SC.
• For HC appointments: CJI + 2 senior-most judges of SC.

4. Final Authority:

• Judges are formally appointed by the President of India based on Collegium recommendations.

Evolution of the Collegium System

1. Pre-1980s:

• Judicial appointments dominated by the executive. President appointed judges in “consultation” with the CJI.

2. First Judges Case (1981)

• “Consultation” ≠ “Concurrence.”
• Executive had primacy in appointments.

3. Second Judges Case (1993)

• “Consultation” interpreted as “Concurrence.”
• Birth of the Collegium system: CJI + 2 senior-most judges.

4. Third Judges Case (1998)

• Expanded Collegium: CJI + 4 senior-most judges.
• Collegium became the final authority on judicial appointments.

5. Fourth Judges Case (2015)

• Supreme Court struck down the NJAC and 99th Constitutional Amendment, declaring them unconstitutional.
• Collegium system restored as the governing mechanism.

Significance of Current Development

• Ensures the Supreme Court functions at full capacity (34 judges).
• Enhances judicial efficiency and helps in addressing pendency of cases.
• Reinforces the importance of Collegium in maintaining judicial independence.

Parliamentary Committees: Backbone of Parliamentary Democracy

Why in News

Lok Sabha Speaker recently described Parliamentary Committees as the “backbone of parliamentary democracy” while inaugurating the National Conference of Chairpersons of Committees of Parliament and State Legislatures on the Welfare of SCs and STs.

Role of Parliamentary Committees

• Non-Partisan Functioning & Consensus Building: Committees comprise members from across political parties, ensuring consensus-driven scrutiny.
• Domain Expertise: Example - Committee on Health examined the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016.
• Ensuring Government Accountability: Example - Public Accounts Committee (2024) flagged excess spending by four ministries.
• Focus on Developmental Issues: Example - Committee on Rural Development highlighted declining budget allocations to Panchayati Raj Institutions.
• Strengthening Legislative Process: Example - The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 underwent major revisions following Joint Parliamentary Committee recommendations.

Challenges in Functioning

• Declining Referral of Bills: Referral not mandatory → trend falling,15th Lok Sabha: 71% | 16th: 28% | 17th: 16%.
• Low Participation of MPs: Average attendance in committees: ~50%, lower than 84% during House sittings.
• Inadequate Expert & Research Support: Many committees remain understaffed and lack technical/research expertise for in-depth analysis.

Suggested Reforms

• Mandatory Referral of Bills: On lines of the UK model, ensure all bills are first examined by committees.
• Increase Transparency: Make government accountable by publishing reasons for rejecting committee recommendations.
• Enhance Research Support: Empower committees to hire domain experts and advisors for better scrutiny.

UNTOC & UNCAC in Extradition Requests of Fugitive Offenders

India and several other countries invoke international treaties such as UNTOC and UNCAC to strengthen legal cooperation in the extradition of fugitive offenders involved in organized crime and corruption.

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC)

1. Adoption & Enforcement:

• Adopted in 2000, entered into force in 2003.

2. Also Known As:

• Palermo Convention.

3. Nature:

• The only global, legally binding treaty obligating states to act against transnational organized crime.

4. Supplementary Protocols:

• Human Trafficking Protocol
• Migrant Smuggling Protocol
• Illicit Firearms Manufacturing & Trafficking Protocol

5. Secretariat:

• UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)

1. Adoption & Enforcement:

• Adopted in 2003, entered into force in 2005.

2. Nature:

• The only legally binding universal instrument against corruption.

3. Scope:

Covers a broad spectrum of corruption practices such as:

• Bribery
• Embezzlement of public funds
• Illicit enrichment

4. Key Focus Areas:

• Prevention of corruption
• Criminalization of corrupt practices
• International cooperation (including extradition and mutual legal assistance)
• Asset recovery from offenders abroad

Significance in Extradition

• Provides a legal framework for countries to request extradition of fugitives involved in organized crime, corruption, and money laundering.
• Strengthens international cooperation, especially where bilateral treaties are absent.

State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2024

The State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2024, released in its sixth edition, ranked Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Tripura as top performers in their respective categories.

About SEEI

1. Developed by:

• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Power.
• In collaboration with the Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE).

2. Purpose:

• To assess and track the energy efficiency performance of all 36 States and Union Territories.
• Encourages data-driven monitoring, inter-state competition, and best practice sharing.

Classification of States (Performance Categories)

• Front Runners – Score >60%
• Achievers – Score 50–60%
• Contenders – Score 30–50%
• Aspirants – Score <30%

Key Features

• Provides a benchmarking mechanism for states to identify gaps and opportunities.
• Promotes healthy competition among states/UTs.
• Helps integrate energy efficiency measures into energy-intensive sectors through State Energy Efficiency Action Plans (SEEAPs).

Thailand Grants Work Rights to Karen and Karenni Refugees

Thailand has approved work rights for long-term refugees belonging to the Karen and Karenni ethnic groups from Myanmar, marking a significant policy shift in refugee integration.

About the Karen Ethnic Group

• Region: One of the largest and most dispersed ethnic groups in Southeast Asia.
• Origins: Trace ancestral roots to the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, or Tibet.
• Current Presence: Significant populations in Myanmar (Karen State) and along the Thailand–Myanmar border.

Karenni Ethnic Group

• Also Known As: Red Karen or Kayah.
• Status: A minority group in Myanmar, distinct from the larger Karen population.
• Location: Primarily inhabit the Kayah State (formerly Karenni State) in eastern Myanmar.

Significance of Thailand’s Move

• Enhances livelihood opportunities for displaced communities.
• Could serve as a model for refugee integration in the region.
• Addresses long-standing humanitarian concerns along the Thailand–Myanmar border.

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