11 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 Marks 30 Years of Implementation

India observed National Legal Services Day on November 9, commemorating the implementation of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, which came into force on this day in 1995. The day highlights the country’s commitment to ensuring access to justice for all, irrespective of socio-economic barriers.

About the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

Objective: To establish a network of legal aid institutions ensuring that no individual is denied justice due to economic or social disadvantage.

Institutional Framework

1. National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): Apex body under the Act.

• Patron-in-Chief: Chief Justice of India.
• Oversees policy, coordination, and implementation of legal aid programs.

2. State Legal Services Authorities (SLSA): Operates at the state level.

• Patron-in-Chief: Chief Justice of the respective High Court.

3. District Legal Services Authorities (DLSA):

• Functions under the District Judge as Chairperson.

Eligibility for Free Legal Aid

Legal aid is provided to the following categories:

• Members of SC/ST communities, women, and children.
• Victims of trafficking, natural disasters, or industrial workmen.
• Persons who are mentally ill, disabled, or in custody.
• Citizens with an annual income below ₹5 lakh for Supreme Court cases.
• States prescribe their own income thresholds, usually between ₹1–3 lakh.
• Senior citizens may receive free legal aid based on State-specific rules.

Legal Aid Funds

The Act mandates the creation of:

• National Legal Aid Fund,
• State Legal Aid Funds, and
• District Legal Aid Funds to support the delivery of free legal services.

Lok Adalats

A key feature of the Act, Lok Adalats serve as alternative dispute resolution forums for the amicable settlement of disputes, including pre-litigation cases. Their awards are deemed equivalent to a civil court decree.

Other Key Initiatives for Legal Aid

• Legal Aid Defence Counsel System (LADCS): Offers free criminal defense services under NALSA.
• DISHA (Designing Innovative Solutions for Holistic Access to Justice): Focuses on digital inclusion, pro bono legal services, and pre-litigation assistance.
• Legal Literacy and Awareness Program (LLLAP): Aims to empower citizens by enhancing legal awareness at the grassroots level.

Centre Notifies Rules for ‘Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)’

The Central Government has notified the Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Rules, 2025, aimed at unlocking the vast economic and ecological potential of India’s 11,099 km coastline and 23 lakh sq. km EEZ, particularly around the Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands, which together account for 49% of the EEZ.

Key Highlights of the Rules

1. Community-Led and Cooperative-Based Approach

• Exclusive priority to Fishermen Cooperative Societies and Fish Farmer Producer Organisations (FFPOs) for deep-sea fishing operations.
• Promotes inclusive growth and equitable access to marine resources.

2. Mother-and-Child Vessel Model

• Introduces the Mother-and-Child Vessel Concept, enabling large mother vessels to operate with smaller child boats for mid-sea transshipment—enhancing efficiency and reducing port congestion.

3. Capacity Building and Financial Support

• Training and skill development programs across the value chain to strengthen sustainable practices.
• Access to concessional credit and financial assistance through:
• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
• Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF)

4. Sustainable Fishing and Mariculture Promotion

• Bans unsustainable fishing practices such as LED light fishing, pair trawling, and bull trawling.
• Development of Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) in collaboration with states to restore depleted fish stocks.
• Promotion of mariculture alternatives like sea-cage farming and seaweed cultivation to diversify livelihoods.

5. Digital Governance and Compliance

• Launch of ReALCRaft online portal for issuing access passes to mechanized and large motorized vessels.
• Small fishers exempted from registration.
• Foreign vessels prohibited from operating within the Indian EEZ.
• Fish resources harvested from the Indian EEZ will be recognized as ‘Indian origin’ to promote traceability and market credibility.

6. About Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

• Established under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
• Refers to the maritime zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from a country’s baseline.
• Grants exclusive sovereign rights for exploration, conservation, and exploitation of marine resources within the zone.

ICAR Assesses Factors Influencing Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) Levels in India

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed an agro-ecological base map to assess how fertiliser usage, cropping systems, temperature, and topography affect Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) across India.

Key Findings of the Study

What is Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)?

• SOC constitutes about 60% of the total organic matter in the soil.
• It includes all living and decomposed plant and animal residues within the soil but excludes fresh surface litter.
• SOC plays a crucial role in soil fertility, water retention, and climate regulation.
• Higher SOC enhances carbon sequestration and helps mitigate climate change impacts.

Major Observations

• Temperature Correlation: SOC is negatively correlated with temperature — higher temperatures accelerate organic matter decomposition, reducing SOC.
• Fertiliser Imbalance: Excessive use of urea and phosphorus-based fertilisers in states like Haryana, Punjab, and Western Uttar Pradesh has reduced SOC content.
• Cropping Pattern Impact:
• Rice-based and pulse-based systems contribute more to SOC buildup.
• Wheat and coarse-grain systems show lower SOC retention.
• Micronutrient Linkage: Low SOC soils tend to exhibit higher micronutrient deficiencies.
• Elevation Effect: Higher elevations generally have higher SOC levels, while plains and low-lying areas show depletion.

Recommendations

1. Sustainable Practices

• Promote Continuous Crop Cover: Ensure soils remain covered through crop rotations or green manure crops.
• Encourage Plantation Drives: Large-scale plantations enhance organic carbon deposition.

2. Carbon Incentives

• Introduce carbon credit mechanisms to reward farmers who successfully trap and store atmospheric CO₂ as SOC.

3. Carbon Sequestration Policies

• Promote carbon sequestration initiatives, especially in low-carbon soils, through revised cropping patterns and sustainable land management.

Minamata Convention Agrees to Phase Out Dntal Amalgam by 2034

At the Sixth Conference of the Parties (COP-6) to the Minamata Convention on Mercury held in Geneva, parties agreed to end the use of mercury-based dental amalgam by 2034 and intensify global action against mercury-added skin-lightening products.

About Mercury (Hg)

1. Properties

• A naturally occurring heavy metal, mercury is silvery-white, ductile, and malleable.
• It is the only common metal liquid at room temperature, making it valuable but hazardous.
• Atomic number: 80; high thermal and electrical conductivity.

2. Sources

• Natural: Volcanic eruptions, geothermal activities, and oceanic emissions.
• Anthropogenic: Mining (especially gold extraction), fossil fuel combustion, and cement or metal production.

3. Uses

• Historically used in thermometers, barometers, fluorescent lamps, batteries, and dental fillings (amalgams).

4. Toxicity

• Once released, mercury can convert to methylmercury, a potent neurotoxin that bioaccumulates in aquatic food chains.
• Even trace exposures can harm the brain, kidneys, skin, and immune system, especially in children and pregnant women.

About the Minamata Convention on Mercury

• Adoption: 2013 | Entry into Force: 2017
• Nature: A global legally binding treaty aimed at protecting human health and the environment from mercury pollution.
• Named After: Minamata Bay, Japan, where severe mercury poisoning occurred in the mid-20th century due to industrial wastewater contamination.
• Parties: 153 (including India)
• Secretariat: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Key COP-6 Decisions

• Dental Amalgam Phase-out: All countries to eliminate the use of mercury in dental fillings by 2034.
• Cosmetic Regulation: Stronger enforcement against mercury-added skin-lightening products and consumer awareness measures.
• Focus: Reducing emissions from industrial activities and enhancing safe waste management practices.

Aditya-L1 Tracks Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) Using VELC Instrument

Scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), in collaboration with NASA, have successfully estimated key parameters of a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) using data from the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) aboard Aditya-L1.
This marks the first-ever visible-light spectroscopic observation of a CME globally — a major breakthrough in solar research.

About Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)

• CMEs are massive eruptions of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun’s corona into space.
• They can eject billions of tons of charged particles at speeds of up to 3,000 km/s, influencing space weather around Earth.
• Strong CMEs can disrupt satellite communication, GPS signals, and power grids on Earth.

Aditya-L1 Mission: India’s First Solar Observatory in Space

• Launched by: ISRO in 2023 aboard PSLV-C57
• Objective: To study the Sun’s outer atmosphere, its magnetic dynamics, and their impact on space weather.
• Orbit: Positioned in a halo orbit around the Lagrange Point 1 (L1), approximately 1.5 million km from Earth, where gravitational forces of Earth and Sun balance each other.
• Mission Life: 5 years

1. Key Scientific Objectives

• Investigate coronal heating and solar wind acceleration
• Study solar flares and near-Earth space weather phenomena
• Examine solar wind distribution and temperature anisotropy

2. Payloads (7 Instruments)

(a) Remote Sensing:

• Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) – Observes the solar corona in visible light
• Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) – Captures ultraviolet emissions

(b) In-situ Instruments:

• Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX) – Studies solar wind composition and energy
• Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA) – Analyses plasma environment

Scientific and Strategic Significance

• Scientific: Enables continuous observation of the Sun without atmospheric interference and enhances understanding of space weather forecasting.
• Strategic: Strengthens India’s technological autonomy in heliophysics and protects space-based infrastructure from solar storms.

Other Major Solar Missions (Global Context)

Montreal Protocol (MOP-37)

Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the Parties (MOP-37) to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer recently concluded.

Key Highlights

• Discussed discrepancies between reported and actual emissions of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
• Noted lack of atmospheric monitoring stations in many regions, affecting emission verification.
• Emphasized need for enhanced transparency, monitoring capacity, and technology transfer.

About the Montreal Protocol

• Adopted: 1987
• Came into force: 1989
• Objective: To phase out production and consumption of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) such as CFCs, halons, and carbon tetrachloride.
• Legal Status: A global, legally binding treaty under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985).
• Achievement: Only UN environmental agreement with universal ratification (198 Parties) and successful recovery of the ozone layer projected by 2066.

Kigali Amendment (2016)

• Extends the Montreal Protocol to phase down HFCs, which are non-ODS but potent greenhouse gases (GHGs).
• Expected to prevent up to 0.4°C of global warming by the end of the century.
• Entered into force in 2019; India ratified it in 2021.

Malabar Exercise 2025

The 29th edition of the Malabar naval exercise is being conducted at Guam, a key U.S. military base in the Western Pacific Ocean, highlighting the growing maritime cooperation among the Quad nations.INS Sahyadri participates in 29th edition held in Guam.

About Malabar Exercise

• Aim: To enhance interoperability, maritime cooperation, and security in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Participants: India, Australia, Japan, United States of America
• Host Rotation: The exercise is hosted annually by one of the four participating countries.

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