11 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 11 October 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

India–UK Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Reaffirmed

UK PM’s Official Visit to India Yields Joint Statement Highlighting Agreements on Economy, Defense, and Security Cooperation

Key Outcomes of the India–UK Joint Statement

1. ???? Technology and Innovation

• Expansion under the Technology Security Initiative (TSI).
• Establishment of: India–UK Connectivity and Innovation Centre
• UK–India Critical Minerals Supply Chain Observatory
• UK–India Critical Minerals Processing and Downstream Collaboration Guild

2. ???? Growth, Trade, and Investment

• Agreement to expedite ratification of the India–UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA).
• Aim: Enhance bilateral investment and trade flows.

3. ⚓ Defence and Security Cooperation

• Strengthened maritime security collaboration in the Indo-Pacific.
• Creation of Regional Maritime Security Centre of Excellence (RMSCE) under the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).
• G2G agreement for supply of Lightweight Multirole Missile (LMM) systems to bolster India’s air defence.

4. ???? Climate, Energy, Health, and Research

• Launch of Climate Tech Start-up Fund, a strategic joint investment.
• Implemented under an MoU between the UK Government and State Bank of India (SBI).

5. ???? Education, Culture, and People-to-People Ties

• Approval for Queen’s University Belfast and Coventry University to open international branch campuses at GIFT City, Gujarat.

6. ????️ Regional and Multilateral Cooperation

• Both nations reaffirmed commitment to reformed multilateralism.
• The UK reiterated support for India’s permanent membership in a reformed UN Security Council (UNSC).

Surrogacy Age Bar Not Retrospective: Supreme Court Ruling

The Supreme Court of India has ruled that the age restrictions prescribed under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 will not apply retrospectively to couples who had initiated the surrogacy process before the Act came into force on January 25, 2022.

⚖️ Key Highlights of the Judgment

• Protection for Pre-existing Cases: The Court held that couples who had already started the surrogacy process — including those who had created and frozen embryos before the Act’s commencement — will be exempted from the statutory age limits.
• Recognition of Reproductive Rights: The Court reaffirmed that the right to reproductive autonomy, including the choice to pursue surrogacy, forms an essential part of the right to personal liberty and privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution.

???? About the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021

Objective: To regulate surrogacy practices in India, ensure ethical procedures, prevent exploitation, and promote altruistic surrogacy over commercial surrogacy.

???? Key Provisions

1. Type of Surrogacy:

• Only altruistic surrogacy permitted.
• Commercial surrogacy is prohibited and punishable.

2. Eligibility Criteria for Intending Couples:

• Must be Indian citizens and legally married.
• Age limits: Wife – 23 to 50 years; Husband – 26 to 55 years.
• Should not have any surviving biological or adopted child.

3. Eligibility Criteria for Surrogate Mother:

• Must be a married woman aged 25–35 years.
• Should have at least one biological child of her own.

4. Legal Status of the Surrogate Child:

• The child born through surrogacy is deemed the biological child of the intending couple.
• The child enjoys all rights and privileges equivalent to those of a natural-born child.

China Tightens Control Over Rare Earth Mineral Exports

• China has imposed stricter export controls on rare earth minerals, requiring government licenses for their export and prohibiting the transfer of certain technologies related to rare earth extraction, magnet manufacturing, and military-linked applications without official approval.
• These restrictions are expected to impact global semiconductor and AI-related research, disrupt high-tech supply chains, and heighten strategic tensions in critical mineral markets.

???? About Rare Earth Elements (REEs)

1. Definition:

• Rare Earth Elements are a group of 17 elements, comprising 15 lanthanides, along with scandium and yttrium.

2. Characteristics:

• Metallic in nature — typically iron-grey to silvery, soft, ductile, and chemically reactive.
• Despite their name, they are not rare but are dispersed and difficult to extract in concentrated form.

⚙️ Significance of REEs

• High-Tech Electronics: Smartphones, laptops, and renewable energy technologies.
• Green Energy Transition: Essential for wind turbines, solar panels, and electric vehicles (EVs).
• Defense & Aerospace: Used in missile guidance, radar, and stealth systems.
• Advanced Manufacturing: Vital for semiconductors, AI systems, and precision magnets.

⚠️ Challenges in the REE Sector

1. Supply Chain Concentration:

• China dominates with nearly 70% of global REE mining and refining capacity.
• Heavy dependence of other nations poses strategic vulnerabilities.

2. Extraction Complexity:

• Economically viable extraction is difficult as REEs occur in low concentrations and require intensive separation processes.

3. Environmental Impact:

• Mining and refining produce toxic waste and radioactive by-products, leading to significant ecological concerns.

4. India’s Position:

• India ranks fifth globally in REE reserves, offering potential for domestic capacity building.

???????? India’s Initiatives for Supply Chain Resilience

• National Critical Mineral Mission (2025):
• Aims to strengthen domestic and global supply chains for critical minerals vital to clean energy and digital technologies.
• Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL):
• A joint venture to secure overseas mineral assets for India’s industrial and strategic needs.
• Minerals Security Partnership (MSP):
• India has joined the US-led initiative to attract global investment in critical mineral value chains and reduce dependency on China.

India Launches National Red List Roadmap to Bolster Biodiversity Conservation

India has launched the National Red List Roadmap (Vision 2025–2030) — a landmark initiative to systematically assess and conserve its rich biodiversity. The project, led by the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC), marks India’s first coordinated effort to evaluate the extinction risk of native flora and fauna across ecosystems.

???? About the National Red List Roadmap (Vision 2025–2030)

• Vision: To create a nationally coordinated and participatory Red Listing system reflecting the true conservation status of Indian species across diverse habitats.
• Duration: Five years (2025–2030)
• Scope: Assessment of approx 11,000 species — including 7000 plant species and 4000 animal species.

???? Context and Significance

• India is among the 17 megadiverse countries, harboring nearly 8% of global flora and 7.5% of global fauna.
• The country includes four biodiversity hotspots: Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma, Sundaland
• Despite this wealth, only 6.33% of Indian plant species and 7.2% of animal species have been assessed for the Global IUCN Red List, highlighting the urgent need for national-level evaluation.

???? Lead Implementing Agencies

• Botanical Survey of India (BSI): Nodal agency for flora assessments.
• Zoological Survey of India (ZSI): Nodal agency for fauna assessments.

???? Methodology

• The Red List process follows the IUCN Species Conservation Cycle: Assess → Plan → Act → Network → Communicate
• This ensures a continuous loop of monitoring, action, and policy integration for species conservation.

???? Global Alignment

The initiative is in line with international biodiversity frameworks, including:

• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)

Through these, India aims to use Red List assessments as a scientific tool to measure progress toward national and global conservation targets.

???? Expected Outcomes

• Comprehensive national database on threatened species.
• Strengthened biodiversity governance through data-driven policymaking.
• Enhanced capacity of local researchers, conservationists, and citizen scientists.

Wildlife Protection (Kerala Amendment) Bill, 2025 Highlights Tensions in Federal Environmental Governance

The Wildlife Protection (Kerala Amendment) Bill, 2025 has reignited debate over Centre–State relations in environmental governance, as Kerala seeks greater autonomy in addressing rising human–wildlife conflicts, particularly involving wild boars.

???? Background

Kerala has long urged the Central Government to declare wild boars as vermin, citing their extensive damage to crops and recurring attacks on farmers. However, delays in Central approval prompted the State to propose its own legislative amendment to expedite action.

⚖️ Key Provisions of the Kerala Amendment Bill, 2025

• Empowers Chief Wildlife Warden to authorize immediate action — including killing, tranquilizing, capturing, or translocating wild animals — without prolonged administrative delay.
• Authorizes the State Government to declare a species listed in Schedule II as ‘vermin’, enabling quicker intervention in conflict situations.
• Aims to address human–animal conflict effectively, balancing conservation needs with the safety and livelihood concerns of rural communities.

???? Who Are ‘Vermin’?

• ‘Vermin’ are wild animals considered harmful to crops, livestock, or public health.
• Under Section 62 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, only the Union Government may declare a species (other than those in Schedule I and Part II of Schedule II) as vermin.
• Such a declaration allows for controlled culling or removal of the species from protected status.

???? Constitutional & Federal Context

• Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds fall under the Concurrent List (List III) of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.
• Accordingly, both Parliament and State Legislatures can make laws on these subjects.
• However, Article 254(2) mandates that if a State law conflicts with a Central law on a Concurrent subject, it can prevail only after obtaining Presidential assent.
• Therefore, Kerala’s proposed amendment would require Presidential assent to take effect, as it potentially conflicts with the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972) enacted by Parliament.

???? Significance

• The Bill underscores increasing friction in India’s federal environmental governance, with States seeking greater flexibility in managing localized ecological and livelihood crises.
• It raises broader questions about decentralization, Centre–State cooperation, and the balance between wildlife conservation and human welfare.

Meta Selects Mumbai and Visakhapatnam as Landing Sites for ‘Waterworth’ Undersea Cable Project

Meta Platforms has announced Mumbai and Visakhapatnam as the Indian landing sites for its new undersea cable system, “Waterworth.” The project aims to enhance global internet connectivity, data transmission speed, and digital infrastructure across Asia and beyond.

???? About Undersea Cables

• Definition: Undersea (submarine) cables are fiber-optic cables laid on the ocean floor that carry data traffic between continents.
• Function: These cables transmit vast quantities of digital information — including internet data, financial transactions, and cloud services — at the speed of light.
• Ownership: Primarily owned or co-owned by private tech companies like Meta, Google, Amazon, and telecom consortiums.

???? Significance

• Backbone of Global Internet: Undersea cables handle around 90% of international data transmission, facilitating 80% of global trade and nearly $10 trillion in financial transactions daily.
• Economic & Strategic Role: Ensures high-speed internet and low latency communication between countries.
• Serves as a critical digital infrastructure for global businesses and governments.
• Increasingly a strategic asset, influencing geopolitics and data sovereignty concerns.

⚙️ Waterworth Project

• Designed to expand Meta’s connectivity ecosystem in South and Southeast Asia.
• Expected to strengthen India’s position as a global digital hub, supporting data centers, cloud services, and digital trade.

Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings 2026 Released

The Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings 2026 has been released, providing a comprehensive global assessment of higher education institutions based on their performance in teaching, research, and international engagement.

????️ About the THE World University Rankings

1. Publisher:

• Times Higher Education (THE) magazine.

2. Methodology:

• Evaluates universities across 18 performance indicators grouped under four key pillars:
• Teaching (learning environment)
• Research (volume, income, and reputation)
• Knowledge Transfer (industry income and innovation)
• International Outlook (staff, students, and research collaborations).

???? Key Highlights of 2026 Rankings

• Global Top Rank: ???? University of Oxford — ranked first globally for the 10th consecutive year.
• Other Top Performers: Harvard University, Stanford University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) continue to dominate the top five positions.
• India’s Performance: Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru — retained its position in the 201–250 band, maintaining its status as India’s highest-ranked institution.
• Several Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), including IIT Bombay and IIT Delhi, improved their international research visibility and citation impact.

Hungarian Author László Krasznahorkai Wins the 2025 Nobel Prize in Literature

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to Hungarian novelist László Krasznahorkai for his distinctive narrative style and profound exploration of existential despair, human perseverance, and the absurdities of modern life.

???? About László Krasznahorkai

• Born: 1954 in Gyula, Hungary, near the Romanian border.
• Noted for: Dense, philosophical prose and long, flowing sentences often compared to Kafka and Dostoevsky.
• Major Works: Satantango (1985) – A bleak portrayal of a collapsing rural community.
• The Melancholy of Resistance (1989) – An allegorical novel exploring social decay and collective fear.
• War & War (1999) – A metaphysical journey through history and human obsession with meaning.
• His works often delve into chaos, isolation, and the fragile nature of civilization, earning him global literary acclaim.

Astronomers Discover Young Rogue Planet Actively Forming in Deep Space

Astronomers have identified a young rogue planet that is still accreting material from its surrounding gas and dust — a rare phenomenon that provides fresh insights into how planets evolve outside traditional solar systems.

???? About Rogue Planets

1. Definition:

• A rogue planet (also called a free-floating or interstellar planet) is a planetary-mass object that does not orbit a star but instead drifts freely through interstellar space.

2. Origin:

• Most are ejected from their original planetary systems during chaotic early formation phases due to gravitational interactions.
• Some may form in isolation from collapsing gas clouds, similar to stars but without enough mass to ignite nuclear fusion.

3. Orbit:

• Rogue planets lack a parent star and move independently, often detectable only through infrared emissions or gravitational microlensing events.

Indian Army Inducts Indigenous SAKSHAM Counter-Drone System

⚔️ Overview

The Indian Army has initiated the procurement of the indigenously developed SAKSHAM — Situational Awareness for Kinetic Soft and Hard Kill Assets Management — a cutting-edge Counter-Unmanned Aerial System (CUAS) Grid System aimed at strengthening India’s battlefield airspace security.

????️ About the SAKSHAM System

1. Nature:

• A modular, high-end Command and Control (C2) system.

2. Network:

• Operates seamlessly on the Army Data Network (ADN), ensuring secure, real-time communication and coordination.

3. Functionality:

• Detection & Tracking: Identifies and tracks hostile drones or unmanned aerial systems (UAS).
• Neutralisation: Capable of executing both soft-kill (jamming, spoofing) and hard-kill (kinetic destruction) measures.
• Integrated Control: Provides a unified platform to manage multiple CUAS assets and sensors.

4. Operational Domain:

• Covers the Tactical Battlefield Space (TBS) — extending up to 3,000 metres (10,000 feet) above ground level.

5. Developer:

• Designed and developed in collaboration with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) under India’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

????️ Significance

• Enhances situational awareness and multi-layered air defence capabilities.
• Ensures protection of critical military infrastructure from hostile drones.
• Strengthens India’s indigenous defence technology base and C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelli

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