11 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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C.P. Radhakrishnan Elected as 15th Vice-President of India

Why in News?

C.P. Radhakrishnan was elected as the 15th Vice-President of India on 10 September 2025.

About the Office of the Vice-President

• Position: Second-highest constitutional office in India.
• Article 63: India shall have a Vice-President.
• Article 64: The Vice-President shall be the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
• Article 65: Acts as President in case of a casual vacancy in the office of the President.
• The Constitution does not specify who performs the Vice-President’s duties when the office falls vacant.

Election Procedure (Article 66)

1. Nomination:

Requires

• 20 proposers + 20 seconders,
• ₹15,000 deposit,
• certified entry in electoral roll.

2. Electoral College:

• Members of Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha (both elected and nominated).

3. Voting System:

• Proportional representation by single transferable vote.
• Secret ballot.
• Each MP’s vote has equal value (1).

4. No Whip:

• Anti-Defection Law not applicable.

Eligibility (Article 66)

• Citizen of India.
• Minimum 35 years of age.
• Qualified for election as Rajya Sabha member.
• Must not hold any office of profit under Union, State, or local authority.

UNICEF – Child Nutrition Report 2025

Why in News?

UNICEF released its Child Nutrition Report 2025, highlighting the global crisis of childhood obesity and poor diets driven by ultra-processed foods (UPFs).

Key Findings

1. Rising Overweight & Obesity:

• 5% of children under 5 are overweight.
• 20% of children/adolescents (5–19 yrs) overweight → doubled since 2000.
• Obesity prevalence (2025): 9.4%, almost equal to underweight (9.2%).

2. Regional Concentration:

• 50% of affected children in East Asia & Pacific, Latin America & Caribbean, and South Asia.
• In South Asia, overweight in 5–19 yrs increased 5x since 2000.

Key Drivers

1. UPFs Availability & Affordability:

• Cheaper than healthy foods (due to subsidies on corn, soy, wheat).
• Long shelf life → accessible to low-income households.

2. Aggressive & Unregulated Marketing:

• Digital promotions, influencer advertising, blurred ads-content boundary.

3. Policy Gaps:

• Only 7% countries: Mandatory front-of-pack labelling.
• Only 8% countries: Subsidies for healthy foods.

Recommendations

1. Protect Breastfeeding:

• Enforce International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (digital restrictions included).

2. Transform Food Environments:

• Ban/regulate unhealthy food marketing.
• Taxes on UPFs.
• Mandatory front-of-pack nutrition labelling.

3. Promote Nutritious Foods:

• Redirect subsidies to local, fresh foods.
• Strengthen local food systems.

4. Social Protection & Behavioural Change:

• Expand safety nets for poor families.
• Campaigns to shift demand towards healthy diets.

Nepal Political Crisis: PM Resigns Amid Gen Z Protests

Why in News?

Nepal’s Prime Minister resigned following violent ‘Gen Z’ protests, which escalated into attacks on government buildings and leaders’ residences, leaving the country in a state of political uncertainty.

Reasons for Crisis in Nepal

1. Youth Discontent:

• Widespread frustration over corruption and elite privileges of political leaders.
• Rising unemployment and lack of accountability.

2. Suppression of Dissent:

• Government banned 26 social media platforms, cutting off Gen Z’s primary medium of expression.

3. Excessive State Response:

• Security forces used disproportionate measures, including firing on protesters, which further escalated anger.

Implications for India

• Regional Instability: Adds to political fragility in South Asia, alongside crises in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
• Spillover Risks: Disruptions in trade, supply chains, and remittances.
• Migration & Refugee Concerns: Potential refugee inflows may strain humanitarian resources and border management.
• Security Threats: Instability near borders raises challenges for India’s internal security.
• Diplomatic Strain: Prolonged unrest complicates India’s strategic, economic, and cultural engagement with Nepal.

India’s Response

• The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) reviewed the situation.
• Prime Minister emphasised that stability, peace, and prosperity in Nepal are vital to India’s interests.

Centre Seeks Report on Tribal Rights Concerns in Great Nicobar Island Project (GNIP)

Why in News?

The Central Government has sought a report on concerns raised by the Tribal Council regarding settlement of tribal rights under the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 in the Great Nicobar Island Project.

About GNIP

1. Clearance:

• Granted in-principle forest clearance and environmental clearance (2022) under the Holistic Development of Islands Program (HDIP).

2. Nodal Agency:

• NITI Aayog, implemented through ANIIDCO.

3. Land Use:

• 130.75 sq km of forest diverted; 50% reserved for green development (no tree felling).

4. Key Infrastructure:

• International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) – Galathea Bay.
• Greenfield international airport.
• Township.
• 450 MVA gas + solar power plant.

Concerns with GNIP

1. Tribal Rights:

• Home to Shompens (PVTG) and Nicobarese.
• FRA rights (habitat, habitation, cultural & livelihood security) allegedly not fully settled.

2. Biodiversity Loss:

• Galathea Bay: Key nesting site for Leatherback Turtle (endangered).
• Home to Nicobar Megapode (Schedule I, WPA 1972).

3. Socio-Ecological Sensitivity:

• Tribal displacement, ecological imbalance, and violation of FRA safeguards.

About Forest Rights Act, 2006

1. Objective:

• To undo historical injustice to forest-dwelling communities.

2. Rights Granted:

• Individual: Ownership, cultivation, residence.
• Community: Grazing, NTFP collection, cultural/spiritual practices.
• PVTG Rights: Habitat rights over customary territories for social, cultural, and religious purposes.

3. Institutional Mechanism:

• Forest Rights Committees & District Level Committees to verify and settle claims.

Swachh Vayu Sarveshan Award 2025 Announced

Why in News?

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has announced the Swachh Vayu Sarveshan Award 2025, recognizing the best-performing cities under National Clean Air Programme.

Swachh Vayu Sarveshan 2025: Key Highlights

1. Coverage:

• Assessment across 130 cities under NCAP.

2. Categories (Population-based):

• Category 1: Cities with population >10 lakh.
• Category 2: Cities with population 3–10 lakh.
• Category 3: Cities with population <3 lakh.

3. Total Awards:

• 11 cities recognized for best performance.

Awarded Cities

1. Category 1 (>10 lakh):

• 1st Indore
• 2nd Jabalpur
• 3rd Agra & Surat (joint)

2. Category 2 (3–10 lakh):

• 1st Amravati
• 2nd Jhansi & Moradabad (joint)
• 3rd Alwar

3. Category 3 (<3 lakh):

• 1st Dewas
• 2nd Parwanoo
• 3rd Angul

Ranking Parameters

• Biomass & Municipal Solid Waste burning.
• Road dust & Construction/Demolition (C&D) dust.
• Vehicular & Industrial emissions.
• Public outreach through Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities.
• Reduction in PM10 concentration levels.

About National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

1. Launch:

• 2019 by MoEFCC.

2. Objective:

• Improve air quality in 131 identified cities (non-attainment & million-plus cities).

3. Target:

• Reduce PM10 levels by 40% by 2025-26 (from 2019-20 baseline), or
• Achieve National Ambient Air Quality Standards (60 µg/m³).

4. Implementation:

• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

5. Digital Support:

• PRANA Portal (Portal for Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities) for real-time monitoring and reporting.

UK–India Infrastructure Financing Bridge (UKIIFB)

Why in News?

The UKIIFB marked its first anniversary with the launch of a recommendations report on enhancing infrastructure investment in India.

Key Recommendations of the Report

• Procurement Reforms: Align India’s procurement process with globally recognised frameworks to attract international investors.
• Risk Management: Address operational risks and tackle perceptions of unpredictability and opacity in the Indian construction sector.

About UKIIFB

• Nature: Collaborative initiative between NITI Aayog (India) and the City of London (UK).
• Objective: Unlock large-scale infrastructure investment in India.
• Expertise Sharing: Leverage the City of London’s financial expertise in structuring and sequencing major infrastructure projects.
• Focus: To secure long-term investment flows for India’s critical infrastructure sectors such as: Transport, Energy, Urban development, Logistics

CLAMP (Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program)

Why in News?

A study of fossil leaves from Nagaland using CLAMP revealed how Antarctica’s climatic shifts influenced the Indian Monsoon system.

About CLAMP

1. Definition:

• CLAMP is a paleoclimate reconstruction tool that uses fossil leaves as “climate fingerprints.”

2. Method:

• Analyzes the shape, size, and margins of fossilized leaves.
• Correlates leaf physiognomy with modern climate parameters.

3. Parameters Studied:

• Temperature, rainfall, humidity, seasonality.

Significance

• Fills Data Gaps: Useful in regions where other climate records (e.g., ice cores, sediments) are absent.
• Paleoclimate Insight: Helps understand how ecosystems responded to ancient warming/cooling events.
• Future Relevance: Provides clues for predicting climate responses under current and future global warming scenarios.

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