12 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Armenia–Azerbaijan Peace Agreement Brokered by the United States

Why in News

• The United States has brokered a historic peace deal between Armenia and Azerbaijan, aiming to end decades of hostilities in the South Caucasus region.

Key Provisions of the Agreement

1. Cessation of Hostilities

• Formal end to armed conflict.
• Establishment of full diplomatic relations between the two nations.

2. "Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity" (TRIPP)

• A new transit corridor connecting Azerbaijan to its exclave Nakhchivan
• Exclusive development rights granted to the United States.

3. US Cooperation Agreements

Armenia and Azerbaijan signed separate bilateral deals with the US to enhance partnerships in:

• Energy
• Technology
• Economic development

Background of the Conflict

1. Core Issue:

• Dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh, a mountainous region internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but historically populated by ethnic Armenians.

2. Timeline:

• Late 1980s: Nagorno-Karabakh declared separation from Azerbaijan with Armenia’s backing.
• 1991: Both countries became independent after the Soviet Union’s collapse; conflict persisted.
• 2023: Azerbaijan regained complete control over the region, prompting the exodus of nearly 100,000 Armenians to Armenia.

India’s Interest in the Peace Deal

• Strategic Partnerships: Armenia, Only regional country with which India has a Friendship and Cooperation Treaty (1995).
• Trade & Connectivity: Azerbaijan is part of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a crucial link for India–Russia trade via Central Asia.

100th Anniversary of the Kakori Train Action

Why in News

• August 9, 2025 marks 100 years since the historic Kakori Train Action of 1925 - a pivotal event in India’s freedom struggle against British colonial rule.

About the Kakori Incident

1. Event Overview

• Date: August 9, 1925
• Location: Kakori, near Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
• Incident: Revolutionary freedom fighters robbed official government cash from the Number 8 Down Train (Shahjahanpur to Lucknow) to finance anti-British activities.

2. Key Personalities Involved

• Ram Prasad Bismil
• Ashfaqullah Khan
• Chandrashekhar Azad
• Manmathnath Gupta
• Rajendra Lahiri
• All were members of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).

British Government’s Response

1. Swift and Harsh Action:

• Arrest of multiple revolutionaries.
• Trial under the Kakori Conspiracy Case (1925).

2. Executions:

• Ashfaqullah Khan, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, and Rajendra Lahiri were executed.

Aftermath of the Incident

• Short-term: Significant blow to revolutionary activities in northern India.
• Long-term: HRA was reorganised into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), marking a shift towards socialist revolutionary ideology.

About HRA (Hindustan Republican Association)

• Formation: 1924, Kanpur.
• Key Figures: Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, Sachindranath Sanyal, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee.
• Core Principle: Establishment of a Federal Republic of the United States of India based on adult suffrage.

About HSRA (Hindustan Socialist Republican Association)

• Formation: 1928, Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi.
• Key Figures: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Shiv Verma, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Vijay Kumar Sinha.
• Core Principle: Creation of a Socialist Republic in India.

India’s Success in Asiatic Lion Conservation

Key Highlight

• Population Growth: From 284 lions in 1990 to 891 lions in 2025 - a 70% increase in the last decade.
• Significance: Reflects the effectiveness of India’s conservation policies and community participation.

About Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica)

1. Habitat:

• Dry deciduous forests and open grassy scrublands.
• Restricted to the southwestern Saurashtra region of Gujarat.
• Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is the only natural habitat.

2. Conservation Status:

• IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I
• CITES: Appendix I

3. Key Features:

• Slightly smaller than African lions.
• No fixed breeding season.

Major Conservation Efforts

• Project Lion (2020): Focus on Habitat improvement, human–wildlife conflict mitigation, scientific monitoring (radio collars, camera traps).
• Greater Gir Concept: Expanding lion habitats beyond Gir to Girnar, Pania, Mitiyala.
• Species Recovery Programme: Part of the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats Scheme.
• International Big Cats Alliance: Strengthens global collaboration for conservation of big cats, including Asiatic lions.

Barda Wildlife Sanctuary - Second Home for Asiatic Lions

• Location: Porbandar & Devbhumi Dwarka districts, Gujarat.
• Declared: 1979
• Area: 192.31 sq. km.
• Flora: Gorad, Babul, Dhav, Rayan, Ber, Jamun, Amli, Dhudhlo, Bamboo, etc.
• Fauna: Sambar, Chital, Chinkara, etc.
• Significance: Rich in medicinal plants and Emerging as an alternative habitat for Gir’s growing lion population.

Economic Sanctions as a Tool of US Hegemony

Why in News

A recent working paper by Dr. Urjit Patel (former RBI Governor) highlights how the United States has historically used economic coercion to pursue geopolitical objectives — a practice that has expanded significantly in recent years, especially during the Trump administration.

Key Observations from the Paper

1. Sanctions as Economic Warfare

• Definition: Sanctions - including curbs on trade, shipping, banking, and payment channels — serve as a non-military alternative to align global actors with US diplomatic agendas.
• Historical Usage: US sanctions have targeted oil exports from Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, and Syria.

2. Effectiveness vs. Frequency

• High Usage: Since 2000, 687 sanctions have been imposed.
• Low Success Rate: Less than 20% achieved full diplomatic objectives.
• Inference: Despite the scale, sanctions have often failed to compel desired political changes.

3. Rise of Secondary Sanctions

• Nature: Extraterritorial in scope - designed to hinder economic activities of third-party countries engaging with sanctioned states.
• Mechanism: Used by the US and allies (G7, EU) to deter third-party trade.
• Impact on India:
  - Chabahar Port (Iran): Indian investments stalled due to US sanctions.
  - Oil Investments in Russia: Indian PSUs unable to repatriate $900 million in dividends due to US/EU payment restrictions.

4. Strategic Recommendations for India

• Explore alternative financial architectures to reduce vulnerability.
• Strengthen engagement with: BRICS and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
• Purpose: Act as risk mitigation against an increasingly restrictive US-led sanctions regime.

Science, Health and Innovation for Nextgen Explorers (SHINE) Programme

Why in News

A large-scale educational outreach initiative, the SHINE Programme, was recently conducted to spark interest in health and biomedical research among school students.

About the SHINE Programme

1. Objective:

• To familiarise students with the fundamentals of health and biomedical research.
• To inspire young minds to pursue careers in science, public health, and innovation.

2. Key Activities:

• Laboratory Tours: Guided visits to research facilities for hands-on exposure.
• Research Exhibitions: Showcasing ongoing health and biomedical projects.
• Poster Walks: Interactive displays explaining scientific concepts and findings.

3. Participation:

• Over 13,000 students from Grades 9 to 12 took part in the programme.

4. Significance:

• Encourages scientific curiosity in youth.
• Strengthens the innovation ecosystem by engaging future researchers.
• Promotes awareness of public health challenges and possible solutions.

Cancer AI & Technology Challenge (CATCH) - Grant Program

Why in News

The IndiaAI Mission, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), has launched the Cancer AI & Technology Challenge (CATCH) to accelerate the adoption of AI-driven solutions in cancer care across India.

About CATCH Grant Program

1. Purpose

• To accelerate validation and large-scale deployment of Artificial Intelligence-based solutions across the entire cancer care spectrum-from diagnosis and treatment to follow-up care.

2. Collaboration

Jointly launched by:

• IndiaAI Mission (MeitY’s flagship initiative)
• National Cancer Grid (NCG) – a network of cancer centers, research institutions, and patient groups across India.

Support Offered

• Funding: Milestone-linked pilot funding of up to ₹50 lakh for selected projects.
• Mentorship: Guidance from domain experts in AI, oncology, and healthcare innovation.
• Access to Clinical Infrastructure: Use of clinical validation sites under NCG for real-world testing.
• Scalability Opportunities: Pathways for large-scale adoption and integration into cancer care systems.

PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme

Why in News

The Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) has extended the tenure of the PM E-DRIVE Scheme by two years-from 31 March 2026 to 31 March 2028-to further accelerate electric mobility adoption in India.

About PM E-DRIVE Scheme

1. Purpose

• To promote widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), strengthen charging infrastructure, and advance the domestic EV manufacturing ecosystem.

2. Scheme Type

• Central Sector Scheme – fully funded by the Union Government.

3. Key Targets

Provide incentives for:

• Electric two-wheelers (e-2Ws)
• Electric three-wheelers (e-3Ws)
• Electric ambulances
• Electric trucks
• Electric buses and other emerging EV categories

Major Components

1. Subsidy Support

• Demand-linked incentives for e-2Ws, e-3Ws, e-ambulances, e-trucks, and other EV segments.

2. Capital Asset Grants

• Funding for procurement of e-buses.
• Support for establishing EV charging infrastructure.
• Modernization of MHI testing agencies for advanced EV evaluation.

3. Administrative & Outreach Activities

• Information, Education & Communication (IEC) initiatives.
• Fees for the Project Management Agency (PMA) overseeing implementation.

Animal Stem Cell Biobank - India

India’s first state-of-the-art animal stem cell biobank and laboratory set up at National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad.

Stem Cells: Non-specialised cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialised cell types (potency).

Key Features

• Stem cell culture unit
• 3D bioprinter
• Bacterial culture lab
• Cryostorage facilities for long-term preservation

Significance

• Supports regenerative medicine & cellular therapies for livestock.
• Enables advanced research in disease modelling, tissue engineering, and related veterinary biotechnology fields.
• Potential to improve animal health, productivity, and breeding outcomes.

Supported By

• National Biopharma Mission (NBM) – implemented by Department of Biotechnology through BIRAC.
• NBM Approval: 2017 as an Industry–Academia Collaborative Mission to accelerate biopharmaceutical development in India.

Multidisciplinary Education and Research Improvement in Technical Education (MERITE) Scheme

Key Highlights

1. Type:

• Central Sector Scheme

2. Nodal Ministry:

• Ministry of Education

3. Objective:

• Enhance quality, equity, and governance in technical education across all States/UTs; aligned with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

4. Budget:

• ₹4,200 crore (2025–26 to 2029–30), including ₹2,100 crore external assistance from the World Bank (loan).

5. Coverage:

• 275 technical institutions (175 engineering colleges + 100 polytechnics).

6. Key Features & Support Areas:

• Maker Labs for innovation and prototyping
• Skill hubs for industry-relevant training
• Employability enhancement initiatives
• Governance and academic reforms
• Infrastructure upgrades

7. Significance:

• Strengthens the technical education ecosystem
• Fosters multidisciplinary research and innovation
• Promotes inclusivity and skill development for emerging sectors

Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA) – 5th Anniversary (2020–2025)

Overview

• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MoSJE)
• Launched: 2020, under National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR)
• Constitutional Backing: Article 47 – State’s duty to prohibit intoxicating substances harmful to health.
• Purpose: Prevent, treat, and rehabilitate individuals affected by substance abuse.
• Coverage: Initially 272 high-risk districts, now all districts in India.

Three-Pronged Strategy

• Supply Control: Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
• Demand Reduction & Awareness: MoSJE
• Treatment & Rehabilitation: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW)

Local Implementation

• District Nasha Mukt Committees headed by DC/DM
• Prepare and execute district-level action plans

Significance

• Integrated approach across enforcement, awareness, and treatment
• Nationwide community engagement via NGOs, youth clubs, and institutions

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