14 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Maratha Military Landscapes Recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Site

UNESCO Adds Maratha Military Landscapes to World Heritage List, Bolstering India’s Global Standing in Cultural Preservation.

Key Highlights

India’s Global Rank:

• This inscription elevates India’s tally to 44 World Heritage Sites.
• India now ranks 6th worldwide and 2nd in the Asia-Pacific region for the number of recognized sites.

About Maratha Military Landscapes

Period: 17th to 19th Centuries CE

Significance: These forts illustrate the Maratha Empire’s advanced military strategies, architectural brilliance, and ability to adapt to varied terrains.

1. Strategic and Cultural Importance

a. Military Innovation:

• Demonstrates sophisticated defense mechanisms and regional planning.
• Showcases unique engineering solutions developed by the Marathas.

b. Cultural Continuity:

• Sites remain connected to local traditions, commemorations, and collective memory.

2. Geographic Distribution

a. States Covered:

• Maharashtra: Includes Salher, Shivneri, Lohgad, Khanderi, Raigad, Rajgad, Pratapgad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg.
• Tamil Nadu: Gingee Fort.

b. Terrain Diversity:

• The forts are strategically located across coastal belts, rugged hilltops, and plateaus.

Process of World Heritage Recognition

Nodal Agency in India: Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

1. Criteria and Evaluation

• To qualify, a site must demonstrate Outstanding Universal Value (OUV).
• Must meet at least one out of ten selection criteria set by UNESCO.
• Only nations party to the World Heritage Convention can submit nominations.

2. Evaluation & Decision-making

a. Assessment by:

• International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

b. Final Decision:

• Made by the World Heritage Committee.
• India is currently serving as a committee member for the 2021–2025 term.

India Launches First-Ever e-Truck Incentive Scheme

India Launches First Incentive Scheme for Electric Trucks Under PM E-DRIVE, Pioneering Greener Freight Transportation Transition.

Key Highlights of the e-Truck Incentive Scheme

1. Purpose

• To encourage the widespread adoption of electric trucks (e-trucks).
• Promote domestic manufacturing capabilities.
• Reduce logistics costs and transport-related carbon emissions.

2. Rationale

• Though diesel trucks account for only 3% of the vehicle fleet, they generate nearly 42% of emissions from road transport, underscoring the need for cleaner alternatives.

3. Financial Benefits

a. Eligible Categories:

• N2 category: Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) above 3.5 tonnes and up to 12 tonnes.
• N3 category: GVW exceeding 12 tonnes up to 55 tonnes.

b. Incentive Amount:

• Maximum subsidy of ₹9.6 lakh per vehicle, provided as an upfront discount at purchase.

About PM E-DRIVE Initiative

Full Form: PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement

Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI)

1. Focus Areas

• Support deployment of: e-2 Wheelers, e-3 Wheelers (e-3Ws), e-trucks, e-buses, e-ambulances
• Development of Public charging infrastructure and EV testing facilities

2. Key Objectives

• Accelerate adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) across segments.
• Enhance domestic EV manufacturing ecosystem.
• Expand and modernize charging infrastructure.
• Foster clean and sustainable public transport systems.

PM E-DRIVE vs FAME-II

1. Overview

a. Broader Scope:

• Unlike FAME-II, PM E-DRIVE includes e-trucks, e-ambulances, and large-scale charging infrastructure.

b. Scrappage Incentives:

• Mandatory scrappage linked benefits for e-truck buyers.
• Preference in deployment incentives for e-buses.

c. Testing Upgrades:

• Provisions for testing agencies to modernize facilities and processes.

2. Significance

The scheme is expected to:

• Cut down freight emissions significantly.
• Improve air quality.
• Stimulate growth in the electric mobility sector.
• Strengthen India’s role as a leader in green logistics solutions.

Uttarakhand Cabinet Approves Geo-Thermal Energy Policy 2025

Uttarakhand Approves Geo-Thermal Energy Policy 2025 to Advance Research and Harness Sustainable Clean Energy Resources.

Policy Overview

Objectives

• Foster scientific and technological research in geothermal exploration.
• Develop economically viable and environmentally sustainable geothermal resources.

Understanding Geothermal Energy

1. Definition:

Thermal energy originating from within the Earth, comprising:

• Residual heat left over from the planet’s formation.
• Ongoing radioactive decay of natural isotopes in the Earth’s interior.

2. Applications:

• Electricity generation
• Heating and cooling systems
• Thermal energy storage

Types of Geothermal Technologies

1. Conventional Geothermal Systems

• Utilize hydrothermal reservoirs where underground fluids naturally carry heat to the surface.

2. Next-Generation Systems

• Extract heat independent of natural reservoirs using engineered circulation systems.
• Examples: Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) and Closed-Loop Geothermal Systems (CLGS)

India’s Geothermal Potential

1. Estimated Capacity:

• ~10,600 MW (Geothermal Atlas of India, 2022)

2. Notable Geothermal Fields:

• Puga and Chumathang (Ladakh) – Highly promising zones
• Manikaran, Sohana, Dholera, Tuwa, Tattapani, Godavari Basin, and several others

India’s Initiatives and Global Partnerships

1. Domestic Measures

• Geothermal Atlas of India (2022): Mapping national geothermal potential.
• Creation of a dedicated Task Force for geothermal energy development.
• Renewable Energy Research and Technology Development Programme (RE-RTD): Supporting innovation in next-gen geothermal systems.

2. International Collaborations

Partnerships with:

• Iceland
• Saudi Arabia
• USA (Renewable Energy Technology Action Platform – RETAP)

Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) Between India and EFTA

Switzerland Ratifies India-EFTA TEPA, Paving Way for $100 Billion Investment and 1 Million Jobs Over 15 Years.

About EFTA

• Member Countries: Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Iceland
• A regional grouping of four developed European nations, focused on promoting free trade and economic cooperation.

Key Features of TEPA

1. Scope and Significance

• Agreement Type: Comprehensive trade and economic partnership
• Signatories: India and all four EFTA member states
• Objective:

- Strengthen trade ties
- Boost investment flows
- Enhance collaboration in innovation and services

2. Investment and Employment Commitments

Binding Pledge:

• $100 billion in investments into India over the next 15 years
• Creation of 1 million direct jobs

3. Intellectual Property Provisions

• Commitments regarding Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) adhere to standards set by the TRIPS Agreement (WTO).

Inter-State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956: Extension of Ravi and Beas Tribunal

Centre Extends Tenure of Ravi and Beas Waters Tribunal to Resolve Ongoing Inter-State River Dispute Among Northern States.

About the Ravi and Beas Waters Tribunal

• Year of Constitution: 1986
• Purpose: To adjudicate disputes over allocation and use of waters from the Ravi and Beas rivers.
• Legal Basis: Established under the ISRWD Act, 1956

Overview of the ISRWD Act, 1956

1. Background

Enacted by Parliament to provide a mechanism for:

• Investigation of inter-state river water disputes
• Adjudication through specialized tribunals

2. Key Provisions

a. Constitutional Empowerment: 

Draws authority from Article 262 of the Indian Constitution, which:

• Allows Parliament to legislate on resolving disputes related to inter-state river waters.
• Authorizes exclusion of the jurisdiction of courts.

b. Judicial Bar:

• Once a dispute is referred to a tribunal, neither the Supreme Court nor any other court can intervene in the matter.

c. Binding Decisions:

• The tribunal’s award, once published, holds the same force as a Supreme Court decree.

Significance

• Provides a structured legal framework for resolving contentious water-sharing issues among states.
• Ensures judicial clarity and finality to inter-state water disputes.
• Reinforces cooperative federalism in managing shared natural resources.

AI Alliance Network (AIANET)

India’s Digital India Foundation Opposes Pakistan AI Centre’s Bid to Join AIANET, Citing Strategic and Security Concerns.

About AIANET

1. Nature:

• An informal, voluntary alliance bringing together organizations committed to the responsible advancement of Artificial Intelligence.

2. Primary Purpose:

Facilitate collaboration by:

• Sharing expertise and information
• Exchanging best practices
• Encouraging policy dialogue on AI technologies

Objectives

• Promote rapid development and adoption of AI tools.
• Support sustainable, long-term economic and social progress.
• Build a global community working toward ethical and inclusive AI ecosystems.

Membership and Governance

• Current Members: 17 institutions and organizations.
• Administered by: AI Alliance Russia

Indigenous Astra Missile Successfully Flight-Tested with RF Seeker

DRDO and IAF Successfully Test Astra BVRAAM with Indigenous RF Seeker from Su-30 Mk-I, Boosting Air Combat Capabilities.

Key Highlights of Astra Missile

1. About the Astra Missile

• Type: Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM)
• Category: Indigenously developed tactical missile system
• Developer: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

2. Technical Features

• Target Capability: Designed to engage and neutralize highly maneuverable, supersonic aerial threats
• Range: Exceeds 100 km
• Seeker System: Equipped with an indigenous Radio Frequency (RF) Seeker for precision targeting
• Operational Flexibility: All-weather performance or Day and night operational capability
• Guidance & Navigation: Integrated with advanced electronic systems for mid-course and terminal phase guidance

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