8 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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17th BRICS Summit 2025 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Theme: Strengthening Global South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance

Key Highlights: Declarations Adopted

1. BRICS Leaders’ Framework Declaration on Climate Finance

• Ensuring accessible, timely, affordable climate finance for developing countries.
• Supporting just transition pathways.

2. BRICS Leaders’ Statement on Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence

• Promoting responsible AI development and deployment.
• Aligned with national regulatory frameworks and the UN Charter.

3. BRICS Partnership for the Elimination of Socially Determined Diseases

• Tackling root causes of health disparities: poverty, social exclusion.

Other Outcomes

• Reaffirmed commitment to multilateralism and reforms of Bretton Woods institutions (IMF, World Bank) to reflect the Global South voice.
• Supported UN Security Council reforms, endorsing larger roles for India and Brazil.
• Condemned all forms of terrorism, including the Pahalgam attack in Jammu & Kashmir.
• Emphasized African solutions to African problems in conflict resolution (e.g., Sudan, Horn of Africa).
• Highlighted nuclear-weapon-free zones as vital for nuclear non-proliferation.
• Supported India’s candidacy to host COP 33 of UNFCCC in 2028.

Related - New Development Bank (NDB) Updates

1. New Borrowing Members:

• Colombia Uzbekistan

2. About NDB:

• Established: 2015 by BRICS.
• Purpose: Mobilise funds for infrastructure & sustainable development in EMDCs.
• HQ: Shanghai, China.
• Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Bangladesh, UAE, Egypt, Algeria. (Uruguay = prospective member)

AERB Licenses India’s First 700 MWe PHWR

News Context

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has granted an operational license for:

• Units 3 & 4 of Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS), Gujarat
• These are India’s first indigenously developed 700 MWe Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs)

About Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)

1. Role in India’s Nuclear Programme:

• Forms the first stage of India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Programme

2. Fuel & By-Product:

• Fuel: Natural Uranium (mostly U-238)
• By-product: Plutonium-239

- Used to create Uranium-Plutonium Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel
- MOX powers Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) in Stage II

3. Coolant & Moderator:

• Heavy Water (D₂O): Acts as coolant and neutron moderator

4. Advantages:

• Uses thin-walled pressure tubes (instead of large pressure vessels)
• Less severe impact if rupture occurss

World Bank Spring 2025 Poverty and Equity Brief

India’s Global Ranking in Income Equality:

• India ranked 4th most equal country globally, after: Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Belarus

Gini Index (Income Inequality Measure)

1. 2022–23 Gini Score: 25.5 (improved from 28.8 in 2011–12).

2. Interpretation:

• Gini 0 = Perfect equality
• Gini 100 = Perfect inequality

3. India is in the “moderately low inequality” category (Gini between 25–30).

4. Comparison:

• China: Gini = 35.7
• USA: Gini = 41.8

Poverty Reduction

1. Extreme poverty (<$2.15/day):

• 2011–12: 16.2%
• 2022–23: 2.3% (171 million people lifted above this line).

2. Under revised threshold of $3/day, poverty in 2022–23 = 5.3%.

About the Gini Index

• Measures inequality of income or consumption distribution in an economy.
• Gini 0 = Everyone has equal income.
• Gini 100 = One person has all income, all others have none.
• Graphical Tool:

- Lorenz Curve: Plots cumulative % of income received vs. cumulative % of recipients.
- The further the curve is from the line of equality, the higher the inequality.

National Biobank at CSIR-IGIB

Context

1. Inaugurated at:

• CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB).

2. Significance:

Major step to create India’s own longitudinal health database to advance:

• Precision medicine
• Biomedical research
• Early diagnosis
• AI-driven diagnostics

About the National Biobank

1. Launched under:

• Phenome India Project

2. Model:

• Inspired by the UK Biobank, but tailored to India’s genetic and cultural diversity.

3. Purpose:

• Collect genomic, lifestyle, and clinical data
• Enable research on diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, rare genetic disorders
• Develop gene-guided therapies

4. Coverage:

• Data from 10,000 individuals

About Phenome India Project

1. Official Name:

• Phenome India – CSIR Health Cohort Knowledgebase (PI-CheCK)

2. Launched by:

• CSIR (2023)

3. Objective:

• Long-term tracking of health trajectories of Indian individuals over many years.
• Create rich, integrated health datasets.

What is a Phenome?

1. Phenome:

• The entire set of phenotypes in a cell, tissue, organ, organism, or species.

2. Phenotype:

• Observable characteristics (appearance, development, behavior).
• Determined by genotype + environmental influences.

Prime Minister’s Visit to Latin America and Caribbean

Context

1. Visited Argentina, Trinidad & Tobago, and Brazil as part of a diplomatic tour.

2. Focus:

• Boosting ties with Global South.
• Expanding India’s partnerships in LAC region.

About the LAC Region

• Comprises 45 countries, mainly: South America, Central America, Caribbean Region
• Rich in critical minerals, energy resources, and agricultural commodities.

India–LAC Economic Relations

1. Total Bilateral Trade (2023–24):

• USD 35.73 billion
• Exports: USD 14.50 billion

2. Trade Target:

• USD 100 billion by 2027–28

3. Rankings:

• LAC = 8th largest source of India’s imports
• India = 9th largest export market for LAC

4. Major Imports from LAC:

• Crude oil and petroleum products
• Precious stones, pearls
• Vegetable oils

5. Major Exports to LAC:

• Motor vehicles
• Chemicals
• Mineral fuels

Trade Agreements with LAC

• Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA): MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay)
• Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement: Chile
• Ongoing FTA Negotiations: Peru

Energy & Strategic Resources

• LAC is a critical supplier of Lithium (essential for EV batteries), Copper, gold, Crude oil and gas

Engagement with Regional Blocs

• CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States)
• CARICOM (Caribbean Community)
• SICA (Central American Integration System)

Significance of the Visit

• Deepens South-South Cooperation.
• Diversifies energy and mineral supply chains.
• Supports India’s aspiration for a multipolar, reformed global order.
• Enhances economic and cultural ties with LAC democracies and economies.

Aadhaar-based Face Authentication (FaceAuth)

Himachal Pradesh became the first state in India to roll out FaceAuth for ration distribution under the Public Distribution System (PDS).

What is FaceAuth?

1. An additional mode of Aadhaar authentication introduced by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).

2. Provides an alternative to existing biometric and OTP-based authentication methods.

3. Existing Modes of Aadhaar Authentication:

• Fingerprint-based authentication
• Iris-based authentication
• OTP-based authentication (One-Time Password)
• Face authentication (new)

How does FaceAuth work?

• 1:1 Matching: The live facial image captured during authentication is matched directly with the photo stored in Aadhaar database linked to that Aadhaar number.
• Ensures identity verification without requiring fingerprints or iris scans.

Significance of Face Authentication

• Enhances inclusivity-benefits individuals with worn-out fingerprints (elderly, manual workers)
• Facilitates contactless authentication (especially useful during pandemics)
• Adds flexibility and convenience to Aadhaar-enabled services

Potential Use Cases

• Public Distribution System (PDS)
• Pension disbursement
• Healthcare services
• Aadhaar-enabled payment systems

UIDAI (Unique Identification Authority of India)

• Established under the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016
• Mandate: Issue Aadhaar numbers and ensure secure, reliable authentication mechanisms

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