4 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Iran Suspends Cooperation with IAEA

Israel, U.S. Launch Air Strikes on Iranian Nuclear Sites Following IAEA Vote Declaring NPT Violations.

Iran Retaliates by Passing Law to Suspend Cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency.

About IAEA

1. Establishment:

• 1957.

2. Role in NPT:

IAEA is entrusted as international safeguards inspectorate under NPT:

• Safeguards & Verification: Ensures that civilian nuclear materials are not diverted to weapons.
• Technical Cooperation: Helps member states apply nuclear technology for peaceful uses—energy, health, agriculture.

3.  Headquarters:

• Vienna, Austria.

Significance

1. Weakening Authority

• Growing pattern of non-compliance and withdrawal from international agreements.
• Example: U.S. exit from the Paris Climate Agreement.

2. Crisis of Credibility

• Decisions increasingly seen as politically motivated or influenced by powerful states.
• Difficulty in achieving consensus among member nations.

3. Ineffectiveness

• Limited enforcement powers.
• Resource crunch.
• Governance structures that do not reflect current geopolitical realities.

4. Loss of Legitimacy

Bodies like the UN Security Council criticized for:

• Imbalanced representation.
• Veto power held by P5 (China, France, Russia, UK, US).

C-FLOOD: Unified Inundation Forecasting System

Launched By: Union Ministry of Jal Shakti

Purpose: A unified, web-based platform integrating flood modeling outputs from national and regional agencies to support disaster management authorities.

Why It Matters

• Flood Prone Areas in India:
  ~40 million hectares (~12% of total land area) are flood-prone.
• Aims to improve advance preparedness and response.

Key Features

• Provides 2-day advance flood inundation forecasts down to the village level.
• Uses advanced 2-D hydrodynamic modeling to simulate flood scenarios.
• Generates inundation maps and water level predictions.

Developed Jointly By:

• Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune
• Central Water Commission (CWC)
• Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation
• National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)

Implementation Framework

Executed under the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM):

• Launched in 2015 to build indigenous supercomputing capabilities.
• Jointly steered by MeitY and DST.

Current Coverage

• Mahanadi, Godavari, and Tapi river basins.
• Planned expansion to all river basins across India.

Integration

• Forecasts will link to the National Disaster Management Emergency Response Portal (NDEM).

Quad Critical Minerals Initiative

Launched by: The Quad - United States, Japan, India, and Australia

Purpose & Objectives

Strengthen cooperation on:

• Securing and diversifying reliable critical minerals supply chains
• Recovering and re-processing e-waste critical minerals
• Enhancing supply chain resilience

Why This Matters

1. Diversified Supply Chains

Production and processing of critical minerals are highly concentrated:

a. DR Congo: ~70% of global cobalt supply

b. China:

• 68% of cobalt refining
• 65% of nickel refining
• 60% of lithium refining

c. This makes the world vulnerable to supply disruptions (political instability, export bans, etc.)

2. Economic & National Security Risks

• Example: In 2024, China banned exports of gallium, germanium, and other key materials to the US.
• Limited recycling infrastructure compounds risks.

What are Critical Minerals?

1. Definition:

Naturally occurring elements or compounds critical due to:

• High demand across industries
• Supply chain vulnerabilities

Examples: Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel

2. Key Applications:

• Industry: Electric Vehicles, Electronics
• Defence: Radars, Missiles
• Clean Energy: Battery storage, Solar modules

India’s Efforts to Secure Critical Minerals

1. Policy & Regulatory

• Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023 and Enables exploration and mining of critical minerals
• National Mineral Policy, 2019

2. National Missions

• National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)

3. International Collaborations

a. Minerals Security Partnership (MSP):

• India joined this US-led initiative in 2023

b. Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL):

• JV under the Ministry of Mines (2019)
• Example: India–Argentina Lithium Agreement (2024)

Spain & Brazil Propose Global Tax on the Super-Rich

Where Was It Proposed?

• Event: 4th International Conference on Financing for Development
• Venue: Sevilla, Spain

Key Proposals

1. Higher Tax Contributions from High-Net-Worth Individuals (HNIs):

• Enforce effective taxation on the world’s richest to curb inequality.

2. Global Wealth Registry:

Create a comprehensive international database recording:

• All wealth and assets
• Real beneficial owners

Aimed at transparency and fair contributions.

3. Part of the Seville Platform for Action:

• A framework supporting voluntary actions to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Why Is This Needed?

1. Extreme Income Disparity:

• Top 1% own more wealth than 95% of the global population combined.

2. Tax Disparity:

• Since 2015, the wealth of the richest 1% surged by $33.9 trillion.
• Billionaires pay only ~0.3% in real taxes.

3. SDG Financing Gap:

• Billionaires gained $6.5 trillion-more than the $4 trillion needed annually to meet SDGs.

4. Public vs. Private Wealth:

• From 1995–2023, global private wealth grew by $342 trillion—8 times the increase in public wealth.

Global Initiatives to Tackle Inequality

• Seville Platform for Action: Supports coordinated efforts to fund SDGs.
• G20 Agreement (2024): Develop a joint tax agenda for taxing HNIs.
• UN Negotiations: Ongoing talks on establishing a UN Convention on Tax.

India’s Measures to Reduce Inequality

• Employment Generation: MGNREGA, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)
• Social Security: Atal Pension Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
• Financial Inclusion: Jan Dhan Yojana, MUDRA Yojana

PARAKH – Rashtriya Sarvekshan Dissemination Portal

Recently Launched

1. PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan Dissemination Portal provides open access to:

• National & State-level student performance data
• Benchmarking tools for learning outcomes

2. It enables States/UTs to design data-driven plans to improve education quality.

About PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development)

1. Established:

• 2023, as a National Assessment Centre
• Under NCERT, with independent functional status

2. Purpose:

Set norms, standards, and guidelines for:

• Student assessment frameworks
• Holistic learning evaluations

Key Focus Areas

• Capacity Development: Training teachers & administrators on better assessment practices
• Achievement Surveys: Conducting national & state-level assessments (like NAS)
• School Board Equivalence: Harmonising standards across State and Central boards
• Holistic Progress Cards: Promoting continuous & comprehensive evaluation (CCE) models aligned with NEP 2020

Relevance to NEP 2020

• PARAKH is the first-of-its-kind institution envisioned by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020
• Supports shift from rote-learning to competency-based assessments

Green Climate Fund (GCF)

Funding Approved: Over USD 120 million for new climate projects

About

1. World’s largest climate fund supporting climate action in developing countries.

2. Aims to help countries achieve their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by:

• Reducing emissions
• Building climate resilience

Establishment

• Created: COP 16 of UNFCCC, held in Cancun, Mexico (2010).
• Operationalised: To serve the Paris Agreement, as per Article 9 (finance obligations).

Headquarters

• Location: Songdo, Incheon City, Republic of Korea

Governance

• Managed by the GCF Board
• Accountable to: Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC
• Functions under COP guidance

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