30 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Report on Value of Output from Agriculture & Allied Sectors (2011-12 to 2023-24)

Released By: National Statistics Office (NSO)

Key Trends

• Gross Value Added (GVA) Growth: +225% (in current prices)
• Gross Value of Output (GVO) Growth: +54.6% (in constant prices)
• Top Contributor: Crop Sector (54.1% of Total Agriculture GVO, 2023–24)
• Top Cereal Producer: Uttar Pradesh
• Paddy & Wheat: ~85% of GVO of All Cereals (2023–24)
• Fishing & Aquaculture: Contribution rose from 4.2% (2011–12) to 7.0% (2023–24)
• Inland Fish Share: Fell to 50.2%
• Marine Fish Share: Increased
• Floriculture: GVO nearly doubled to ₹28,100 crore
• Top Contributors: Madhya Pradesh (19.2%), Karnataka (16.6%), Gujarat (15.5%)

Importance of Agriculture & Allied Sectors

• GDP Contribution: ~16% (FY24, Economic Survey 2024–25)
• Livelihood: Supports ~46.1% of India’s population

Challenges

• Low productivity per unit land
• Low farmer incomes
• Overexploitation of water resources
• Climate change & extreme weather

Major Initiatives for Agriculture & Allied Sectors

• Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (₹1 lakh crore): Post-harvest infrastructure development
• Digital Agriculture Mission: Supports digital technology adoption
• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana: Formalises fisheries sector & supports MSMEs
• Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH): Holistic growth of horticulture
• Fisheries & Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund: Infrastructure creation in fisheries
• PM Fasal Bima Yojana: Crop insurance coverage
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana: Boosts overall farm investment

Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Dispute: India Rejects Supplemental Award

India’s Response: Declared the Indus Waters Treaty “in abeyance” until Pakistan stops cross-border terrorism

Background of the Current Dispute

• 2015: Pakistan objected to design of Kishenganga and Ratle projects
• 2016: Pakistan withdrew Neutral Expert request and demanded arbitration
• India: Preferred Neutral Expert process
• 2022: World Bank appointed both Neutral Expert & Court of Arbitration (controversial dual track)
• India: Accepted Neutral Expert but not arbitration

Court of Arbitration (CoA) Ruling (The Hague)

Held: India’s suspension of the treaty does not affect CoA’s authority to adjudicate disputes over:

• Kishenganga project (Jhelum tributary)
• Ratle project (Chenab)

India’s Rejection of the Award

1. Reason: Illegality

• India maintains the CoA was illegally constituted in brazen violation of the 1960 Treaty
• Proceedings and decisions are “illegal and per se void”

2. Reason: Sovereign Right

• India is exercising its sovereign right under international law to suspend the treaty in response to terrorism

About Indus Waters Treaty (IWT)

1. Signed:

• 1960

2. Brokered by:

• World Bank

3. Allocation of Rivers:

• India: Unrestricted use of Eastern rivers - Sutlej, Beas, Ravi
• Pakistan: Rights over Western rivers - Indus, Jhelum, Chenab

4. Dispute Resolution Mechanism:

• Permanent Indus Commission: Annual meetings to resolve questions of implementation
• Neutral Expert: For unresolved differences
• Court of Arbitration: For disputes needing formal adjudication

India’s External Debt and Skills Landscape

RBI Reports India’s External Debt Climbed to US$736.3 Billion in March 2025, Up US$67.5 Billion From Previous Year. (excluding valuation effects)

Valuation Effect

• Arises when the US dollar appreciates against the Indian rupee, increasing the rupee value of foreign-currency debt.

Key Indicators

1. External Debt to GDP Ratio:

• 19.1% (up from 18.5% in March 2024)

2. Composition by Currency:

• US dollar - 54.2% (largest share)
• Indian rupee - 31.1%
• Japanese yen & SDRs - smaller shares

3. Long-term Debt:

• US$ 601.9 billion (grew marginally)

4. Short-term Debt:

• 18.3% of total (declined slightly)

5. Borrower Breakdown:

• Non-financial corporations: 35.5%
• Deposit-taking corporations: 27.5%
• General government: 22.9%

6. Debt Instruments:

• Loans - 34% (largest component)
• Currency & deposits - next largest

7. Debt Service:

• Marginally declined by 0.1%

Definition: External Debt

Money borrowed from abroad from:

• Foreign commercial banks
• Multilateral institutions (IMF, World Bank)
• Foreign governments

Risks of Rising External Debt

• Repayment Burden: Exchange rate fluctuations can make repayments costlier.
• Rising Inflation: Increases interest rates, slowing growth and worsening debt ratios.
• Crowding Out: Debt servicing limits spending on infrastructure, health, education.
• Balance of Payments Pressure: Persistent debt can widen deficits and weaken external stability.

“Skills for the Future: Transforming India’s Workforce Landscape”

Released by: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

Key Findings

• Low-Competency Occupations: 88% of workforce in low-skill jobs (2023–24)
• Skill Mismatch: Widespread overqualification (graduates in low-skill jobs) and underqualification (workers lacking skills for high-skill jobs)
• Structural Issues: Skill gaps especially in rural and low-income populations
• Shortages in High-Skill Roles: Many lack necessary education and training

Impact of Skill Mismatch

• Reduces economic productivity
• Limits social and economic mobility
• Spurs migration and brain drain
• Inefficient allocation of human resources

Recommendations

• Revamp TVET: Align courses to industry needs and technology trends
• Skill Assessment: Standardised mechanism to track skill gaps and requirements
• Industry Engagement: Encourage hiring from certified skill pools; promote accountability
• Promote Lifelong Learning: Incentives for continuous skilling, upskilling, reskilling

Related Initiatives

India aims to bridge the gap between education and employability, while addressing rising debt through:

• Sustainable borrowing strategies
• Encouraging domestic manufacturing (e.g., PLI schemes)
• Strengthening macroeconomic fundamentals

India’s Startup Ecosystem: Exponential Growth

Definition of a Startup

A private limited company, partnership, or LLP with:

• Turnover under ₹100 crore
• Registered for up to 10 years since incorporation
• Recognised under the Companies Act, 2013

Growth Levers Driving the Boom

1. AI Adoption

• 70% of startups now integrate AI into operations
• In marketing alone, 87% of AI adopters report improved cost per acquisition

2. Cross-Border Expansion

• 50% of startups target global markets
• Top destinations: USA, UAE, UK

3. Omnichannel Presence

• 2/3 blend online-offline strategies
• E.g., Digital ads and Reels → offline store purchases for big-ticket products

4. Tier 2/3 City Focus

• Nearly all startups expanding into smaller cities
• Service-led startups leverage WhatsApp and regional influencers

Thriving Startup Landscape

1. DPIIT-Recognised Startups:

• Over 150,000 (2024)
• 51% from non-metro cities

2. Indian Unicorns:

• Combined valuation exceeds $380 billion
• Unicorn: Privately held startup valued at >$1 billion

3. Global Ranking:

• India is 3rd in the Hurun Global Unicorn Index 2025

Government Support for Startups

Startup India: Foster innovation and build a thriving startup ecosystem

Overall Impact

• A dynamic, globally relevant startup ecosystem
• Driven by digital penetration, early-stage funding, and rising consumer affluence
• Rapid expansion into Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities
• Strong government backing and policy support

India’s Current Account Balance

Q4 FY25 Highlights

1. Surplus: $13.5 billion (1.3% of GDP)

2. Helped narrow the full-year current account deficit:

• FY25 Deficit: $23.3 billion (0.6% of GDP)
• FY24 Deficit: $26 billion (0.7% of GDP)

Annual Trend

• India generally runs a trade deficit, meaning imports exceed exports over the year.

What Is the Current Account Balance?

1. Definition:

• Measures the flow of goods, services, income, and current transfers between a country and the rest of the world during a specific period.

2. Major Components:

• Goods: Exports and imports of merchandise
• Services: Software, travel, business services, etc.
• Income: Investment income (interest, dividends, etc.)
• Current Transfers: Remittances, grants, donations

3. Relation to BoP:

• The Current Account is a key part of the Balance of Payments (BoP), which also includes the Capital and Financial Account.

Importance

• Reflects external sector health
• Affects currency stability, reserves, and investor confidence

IBAT Alliance

Recent Update

1. In 2024, the IBAT Alliance doubled its investment in biodiversity data compared to 2023.

2. The funding will strengthen three key global datasets:

• World Database on Protected Areas
• IUCN Red List
• World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas

About IBAT Alliance

• Full Name: Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) Alliance
• Founded: 2008
• Headquarters: United Kingdom
• Mission: To provide data, tools, and guidance that help governments, businesses, and organisations understand and address biodiversity-related risks and opportunities.

Members (Coalition of Four Major Organisations)

• BirdLife International
• Conservation International
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
• UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)

Significance

IBAT is a vital resource for:

• Environmental impact assessments
• Corporate sustainability planning
• Government biodiversity commitments
• Risk mitigation for development projects

Lord Jagannath’s Rath Yatra (Chariot Festival)

The Prime Minister extended greetings on the occasion, acknowledging its cultural and spiritual importance.

About the Festival

1. A major annual Hindu festival celebrated in Puri, Odisha.

2. Marks the ceremonial journey of:

• Lord Jagannath
• His brother Lord Balabhadra
• His sister Devi Subhadra

Key Features

• Time: Starts on the second day of the Asadha month (June–July).
• Procession Route: From Jagannath Temple to Gundicha Temple.
• Return Journey: Known as Bahuda Yatra, when deities return to the main temple after a week.

Significance

• One of the largest and oldest chariot festivals in the world.
• Symbolizes the annual visit of the deities to their aunt’s home (Gundicha Temple).
• Devotees pull the huge, decorated chariots through the streets.

Adi Karmyogi Programme

Overview

1. Launched by: Ministry of Tribal Affairs

2. Aim: Build a cadre of highly motivated officers and changemakers committed to grassroots transformation in tribal areas.

3. Objectives:

• Deliver capacity building to about 20 lakh field-level stakeholders.
• Create a pool of trainers and master trainers at: State level; District level and Block level
• Promote citizen-centric ideation and service delivery.
• Bring a fundamental shift in attitudes and motivation among field-level officials.

4. Target Reach: 1 lakh tribal villages and habitations across India.

Goldilocks Economy

According to the Finance Ministry, India’s economy is in a relative Goldilocks situation.

Concept

An ideal state of the economy that is "just right"-not too hot and not too cold.

Key Features

• Low Unemployment: Most people who want jobs can find them.
• Steady GDP Growth: The economy is expanding at a healthy, sustainable pace.
• Low Inflation: Prices rise moderately, keeping purchasing power stable.
• Low-Moderate Interest Rates: Borrowing costs are reasonable, supporting investment and consumption.

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