25 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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FATF Report on Proliferation Financing and Sanctions Evasion

Overview

• The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) released a report on “Complex Proliferation Financing and Sanctions Evasion Schemes.”
• The report exposes critical gaps in the global financial system related to Proliferation Financing (PF).

What is Proliferation Financing (PF)?

• Involves: Raising, transferring, or making available funds or resources to individuals/entities involved in Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).
• Implications: Serious threat to international peace, global security, and the integrity of the financial system.

Key Findings of the FATF Report

1. Global Risk Landscape

• State and non-state actors actively seeking dual-use goods, technology, and expertise.
• Use of well-organized procurement networks to bypass detection.

2. Global Implementation Gaps

• Only 16% of countries are effectively implementing targeted UN sanctions against PF-related activities.

Tactics Used by Illicit Actors

1. Use of Intermediaries

a. Involvement of:

• Front companies
• Shell entities
• Third-country transit routes

b. Purpose: To conceal the identity of end-users.

2. Concealing Beneficial Ownership

a. Tactics include:

• Falsifying ownership records
• Use of digital tools to obscure real parties

b. Challenge: Makes it difficult for authorities to detect and trace actors.

3. Use of Virtual Assets

• Exploitation of: Cryptocurrencies and new financial technologies
• Purpose: To move funds across borders undetected, especially via non-compliant jurisdictions.

4. Exploitation of Maritime Sector

a. Illicit practices include:

• Use of “dark fleet” ships to evade detection.
• Ship identity concealment and misreporting of cargo.

b. Example: Indian investigation uncovered mis-declared dual-use equipment on a Pakistan-bound vessel.

Recommendations by FATF

1. Update Threat Assessments

• Encourage countries to regularly revise PF risk evaluations to match evolving tactics.

2. Enhance Information Sharing

Strengthen collaboration between:

• Public and private sectors
• Financial institutions and enforcement agencies

3. Terminology Standardization

• Proposal to include a definition of WMD-related PF in the FATF Glossary within the next 5 years.

4. Global Review Initiative

• Call for a worldwide review of PF risk assessments within 3 years to identify gaps and share best practices.

Digital Payment Intelligence Platform

Overview

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Indian banks are working jointly to establish the Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP).
• DPIP will be developed as a part of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI).

What is DPI?

• DPI refers to foundational digital systems that are Accessible, Secure, Interoperable
• Examples include: Aadhaar, Unified Payments Interface (UPI)

About DPIP

1. Objective

To improve fraud risk management by enabling:

• Real-time intelligence sharing
• Use of advanced technology
• Coordination between banks

2. Institutional Framework

• A committee headed by Shri A.P. Hota has been formed to guide the development.
• The Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) will build a DPIP prototype in collaboration with 5–10 banks.
• Involves both public and private sector banks.

Why is DPIP Needed?

1. Rising Bank Frauds

• As per RBI’s Annual Report: Fraud value in the banking sector tripled from ₹12,230 crore in FY24 to ₹36,014 crore in FY25.

2. Need for Centralised Intelligence

• The absence of collaborative data platforms weakens fraud detection and mitigation across institutions.

Other Initiatives by RBI to Prevent Bank Frauds

1. Multi-Factor Authentication

• Mandatory for all electronic payment modes to ensure transaction security.

2. Zero Liability Policy

• Customers are protected from losses arising due to: Bank negligence, Third-party security breaches

3. Verified Web Domains

• RBI promotes use of official domain extensions like “.bank.in” and “.fin.in”
• Helps customers distinguish authentic banking websites from fraudulent ones.

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Overview

• India firmly rejected recent references made to it at an OIC meeting.
• Described the comments as unwarranted and factually incorrect.

About OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation)

1. Foundation

• Formed in 1969, following a summit held in Rabat, Morocco.
• Created in response to perceived challenges faced by the Muslim world.

2. Headquarters

• Located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

3. Membership

• Comprises 57 member states, making it the second-largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations.
• Member countries span four continents, reflecting a diverse geographic representation.

4. Primary Role

• Acts as the collective voice of the Muslim world.
• Aims to safeguard and protect the interests of Muslims globally while promoting international peace and harmony.

India’s First National Rare Blood Donor Registry

Developing Authority

• Launched by the National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH).
• Operates under the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).

About the Registry

1. Purpose

• To support patients with rare blood types who need regular transfusions.
• Aims to ensure timely availability of compatible rare blood for critical treatments.

2. Who Qualifies as a Rare Donor?

A donor is considered rare if:

• Their blood lacks high-prevalence antigens (occurs in <1 in 1,000 individuals).
• Their blood is negative for multiple common antigens that are rarely absent together.

Examples of Rare Blood Types

• Rhnull: Known as the "golden blood," it lacks all Rh antigens.
• Bombay (Oh): A rare blood group mostly found in India, especially in Maharashtra.
• Jr(a-): Lacks the Jr(a) antigen, found in very few individuals globally.

State of the Climate in Asia 2024

Report Overview

• Released by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
• WMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations focusing on weather, climate, and water resources.

Major Findings from the 2024 Report

1. Hottest Year on Record

• 2024 ranked as Asia’s hottest or second hottest year ever recorded.
• Regional temperatures were 1.04°C higher than the 1991–2020 average.

2. Accelerated Warming

• Asia is experiencing warming at twice the global average rate, indicating heightened regional vulnerability.

 3. Glacial Retreat

• Glaciers in the Central Himalayas and Tian Shan are rapidly melting.
• Causes: Low snowfall and extreme heat conditions.

 4. Record Sea-Surface Temperatures

• Highest sea temperatures ever recorded in the region.
• Decadal sea warming rate in Asia is nearly double the global average, affecting marine ecosystems and weather patterns.

ULLAS - Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram (New India Literacy Programme)

Overview

• Tripura has become the third fully literate state in India under ULLAS. Follows Mizoram and Goa in achieving this milestone.
• Criteria for full literacy: 95% literacy rate among individuals aged 15 years and above.

About ULLAS (New India Literacy Programme)

1. Ministry & Nature

• Implemented by the Ministry of Education.
• A Centrally Sponsored Scheme.

2. Duration

• Covers a five-year period: 2022 to 2027.

3. Primary Objective

• To bring non-literate individuals (15+ years) into the fold of basic education.
• Encompasses all States and Union Territories.

4. Target Beneficiaries

• Aims to impart Foundational Literacy and Numeracy to 5 crore learners across India.

5. Mode of Implementation

Delivered through a hybrid model:

• Online platforms for tech-savvy learners.
• Offline methods for accessibility in rural and underserved areas.

DPIP: India’s Digital Firewall for Safer Transactions

Overview

• In a bold step to safeguard the digital payments ecosystem, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is leading the creation of the Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP) - a next-generation infrastructure to curb online financial frauds.
• Framed as part of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) - which includes Aadhaar and UPI - DPIP will function as a collaborative, tech-powered framework, ensuring secure and seamless sharing of fraud-related intelligence.

What is DPIP?

1. DPIP is envisioned as a central nerve centre for fraud detection, built to:

• Collect and share real-time intelligence across the banking network.
• Enhance existing fraud detection systems using advanced technologies.
• Promote coordinated action among banks, both public and private.

2. To steer this effort, a committee led by Shri A.P. Hota has been formed. The Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) has been assigned to develop a prototype, in partnership with 5–10 banks.

Why is DPIP Needed Now?

1. According to RBI’s own report, fraud in the banking sector has taken a worrisome turn:

• ₹12,230 crore in frauds reported in FY24
• ₹36,014 crore in FY25 - a threefold increase

2. Such staggering figures demand a systemic response, not just isolated fixes. DPIP is that response - a proactive digital guardrail that strengthens India’s payment ecosystem at its roots.

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