24 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Operation Midnight Hammer & Strait of Hormuz Closure Threat

Operation Midnight Hammer - US Air Strikes on Iran

1. Executed by:

• United States

2. Reason:

• Retaliatory strike targeting Iran’s nuclear facilities, amidst re-escalation of tensions post-US withdrawal from JCPOA (2018).

3. Targeted Nuclear Sites:

• Natanz, Isfahan, Fordow

4. Weapons Used:

• B-2 Stealth Bombers
• GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) - "bunker buster" bomb
• Tomahawk Cruise Missiles

Strait of Hormuz: Geostrategic Importance

1. Location:

• Between Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman/Arabian Sea

2. Width:

• Narrowest point ~33 km; entire span ~167 km

3. Significance:

• ~20% of global oil & LNG trade passes through
• Vital route for oil-exporting nations: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq
• Backed by US-led naval patrols for security

Implications of a Potential Closure

Impact on India

Contextual Background

• JCPOA (2015): Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action-nuclear deal between Iran and P5+1 to limit nuclear activity in exchange for sanctions relief.
• US Withdrawal (2018): Led to re-imposition of sanctions and escalation in Iran’s nuclear activities.
• IAEA Reports: Indicate advanced uranium enrichment at Iran’s underground sites like Natanz.

Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill – UK House of Commons Passes Assisted Dying Bill

What the Bill Allows

1. Passed by:

• UK House of Commons

2. Eligibility Criteria:

• Age: 18+
• Terminal illness with life expectancy < 6 months
• Must be mentally competent
• Must make two formal, witnessed declarations
• Evaluated by two independent doctors, 7 days apart
• 14-day waiting period before receiving medication

3. Mode:

• Patient must self-administer the life-ending drug

4. Protection Clause:

• Coercion is a criminal offence (up to 14 years imprisonment)

What is Assisted Dying vs. Euthanasia?

Key Ethical Dilemmas in Assisted Dying

1. Autonomy vs Sanctity of Life

a. Autonomy argument:

• Based on JS Mill’s principle of liberty and reflective autonomy
• Empowers patient to make deliberate, rational end-of-life decisions

b. Sanctity of Life argument:

• Religious belief: Life is sacred and only God decides when it ends

2. Medical Ethics Conflict

• Traditional Hippocratic Oath: “Do no harm”
• Doctors may face moral conflict between preserving life and facilitating death

3. Risk of Misuse

• Vulnerable groups (elderly, disabled) may be pressured to opt for death
• Fears of abuse in contexts like organ trade or inheritance

4. Voluntariness Concerns

• Socio-economic pressure may erode true consent
• Fear of being a burden could distort free will

Global Status of Assisted Dying

China–Pakistan–Bangladesh Trilateral Dialogue

Held in Kunming, China - First trilateral among the three countries

Follows earlier China-Pakistan-Afghanistan trilateral, indicating China’s strategic pivot toward regional diplomacy in South Asia

China’s Strategic Goals

• Expand Regional Influence: Build alternative partnerships and undermine India’s traditional leadership in South Asia
• BRI Consolidation: Strengthen economic corridors through strategic projects
• Parallel Regionalism: Create new forums bypassing India-led platforms like BIMSTEC and SAARC

Key Concerns for India

1. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Expansion

• Both Pakistan and Bangladesh are integral to BRI
• CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) runs through PoK – challenges India’s sovereignty

2. String of Pearls Strategy

a. Aims to encircle India via dual-use (civil + military) ports in the Indian Ocean Region

b. Ports accessed or developed by China:

• Gwadar (Pakistan)
• Hambantota (Sri Lanka)
• Potential access to Chittagong (Bangladesh) raises national security alarms

3. Parallel Regionalism

Creation of non-India-centric trilateral or multilateral forums reduces the strategic relevance of:

• BIMSTEC
• SAARC (already dysfunctional due to Indo-Pak rivalry)

4. Erosion of India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ Policy

• Trilateral signals India's shrinking influence in its periphery
• India perceived as reactive, not proactive, in engaging neighbours

Political Financing in India – Rising Costs, Falling Transparency

Recent Context

As per the ADR Report (2024):

• Several political parties delayed or failed to submit election expenditure statements post-Lok Sabha elections 2024.
• This violates the ECI guideline: parties must submit such statements within 90 days (general elections) and 75 days (assembly elections).

Key Issues in Political Financing

1. Soaring Election Costs

• 2024 General Elections cost over ₹1.35 lakh crore, making it the most expensive election globally.
• High costs deter honest candidates and increase reliance on black money.

2. Lack of Transparency

• ADR data shows ~60% of political donations to major parties (2004–2023) came from undisclosed sources.
• Electoral Bonds (scrapped by SC in 2024) worsened opacity by allowing anonymous donations.

3. Funding Disparity

• In 2024, national parties received 93% of total funding-undermining level playing field for smaller/regional parties.

4. Violation of Expenditure Limits

a. ECI mandates:

• ₹95 lakh (Lok Sabha)
• ₹40 lakh (Assembly)

b. Actual spending far exceeds limits, often via:

• Third-party campaigns
• Surrogate advertisements
• Cash transactions

5. Role of Wealth in Electoral Success

• In states like Madhya Pradesh, 44% of elected MLAs had assets over ₹5 crore.
• Wealth and winnability are increasingly correlated, marginalizing less affluent candidates.

Key Recommendations

Constitutional & Legal Framework

• Article 324: Powers of ECI to supervise elections.
• RPA Act, 1951: Mandates limits on candidate expenditure (not party).
• RTI Act: Political parties are not under RTI, despite SC directives—reducing transparency.

International Comparison

• Germany: State funding + strict audit of party finances.
• USA: Campaign Finance Laws regulate donations with strict disclosure requirements.
• UK: Spending caps + requirement of publishing donor details above threshold.

e-Rakt Kosh and Rare Donor Registry Integration

Recent Development

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) is planning to integrate India’s Rare Donor Registry with e-Rakt Kosh, enhancing blood availability for patients with uncommon blood types.
• Developed by ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, the Rare Donor Registry aids patients needing frequent or specialized transfusions (e.g., thalassemia, sickle cell anemia).

About e-Rakt Kosh

What is a Rare Blood Group?

• Defined as blood types lacking high-frequency antigens or having uncommon combinations.
• Examples: Bombay blood group, Rh-null.
• Rare blood is hard to find, especially in emergencies or for people with multiple alloantibodies.

Benefits of Integration

• National-level coordination for rare blood groups.
• Faster identification & mobilization of rare donors.
• Supports transfusion-dependent patients.
• Enhances India's emergency healthcare response.
• Promotes data-driven blood management.

Related Initiatives

• National Blood Policy (2002): Ensures adequate, safe blood supply.
• Anemia Mukt Bharat: To reduce anemia levels, especially among women and children.
• One Nation, One Blood Platform (proposed): Seamless integration of blood banks.

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