28 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India Refuses to Sign SCO Joint Statement

Reason for Refusal

• Consensus required: SCO rules mandate unanimous approval for a joint declaration.
• India objected to the language and the absence of reference to cross-border terrorism, particularly in the wake of the recent Pahalgam terror attack.

India’s Position

The Defence Minister emphasized:

• India’s commitment to building consensus on global challenges.
• India’s guiding philosophy:

“One Earth, One Family, One Future” rooted in Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (the world is one family).

Significance of SCO for India

1. Regional Security

• The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) supports intelligence sharing and cooperation to counter terrorism.

2. Socioeconomic Cooperation

• SCO promotes ties through SCO Young Scientists Conclave and Special Working Group on Innovation and Startups (proposed by India)

3. Regional Connectivity

• India leverages SCO to promote: International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)
• Other projects countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

4. Economic Strategy

• SCO platforms support the promotion of trade in national currencies to reduce reliance on the US dollar and counter Western-dominated institutions.

Challenges for India in SCO

• China–Pakistan Axis: Close China–Pakistan ties limit India’s influence.
• China’s Silence on Terrorism: Reluctance to call out Pakistan-sponsored terrorism.
• Anti-Western Perception: Concerns that the SCO is seen as an anti-US/anti-West grouping.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) - At a Glance

1. Genesis

• Evolved from the Shanghai Five (1996)
• Formally established in 2001 at the Shanghai Summit

2. Founding Members

• China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan

3. Later Additions

• Uzbekistan (2001), India (2017), Pakistan (2017), Iran (2023), Belarus (2024)

4. Core Principles (“Shanghai Spirit”)

• Mutual trust, Mutual benefit, Equality, Respect for cultural diversity, Consultation, Pursuit of common development

5. Organizational Structure

• Council of Heads of States: Apex decision-making body
• Council of Heads of Governments: Second-highest council
• Other bodies: Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) and Secretariat (Beijing)

6. Scale

• 30% of Global GDP and 40% of World Population

India-China Rare Earths Issue

Context

• China controls over 90% of the world’s REE processing capacity.
• In April, China imposed new restrictions: Exporters must get import permits from Beijing.
• These restrictions are seen as retaliation against US tariffs.
• India is engaging diplomatically to secure supplies amid these curbs.

What are Rare Earth Elements (REE)?

1. Definition

• A group of 17 metals: 15 Lanthanides, Scandium, Yttrium

2. Why are they called “critical minerals”?

• Scarcity in exploitable concentrations
• Limited global suppliers
• Strategic importance in Defence systems, Energy transition technologies, Advanced manufacturing

3. Key Properties

• REE alloys Prevent corrosion and Improve energy storage efficiency
• REE magnets:

- Very high remanence and coercivity
- Reason: large number of unpaired electrons in their atoms

4. Applications

• Aerospace & Defence: Lasers, Guidance systems, Radar & sonar
• Consumer Electronics: Mobile phones, Computer hard drives
• Green Energy: Wind turbines, Electric vehicle motors

Global REE Reserves (Selected Countries)

• Despite having the 5th largest reserves, India depends heavily on imports, especially from China, due to limited processing and refining capacity.

India’s Response

National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)

1. Launched in 2025

2. Objectives:

• Promote exploration of critical minerals
• Develop domestic processing and refining
• Secure supply chains for strategic sectors

Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited (SMFCL)

Overview

1. Background

• Earlier known as Sagarmala Development Company Limited
• Status: Mini Ratna, Category-I CPSE
• Newly registered as India’s first maritime sector NBFC under RBI

2. Purpose

• Provide tailored financial products for Port authorities, Shipping companies, Maritime infrastructure players
• Finance strategic sectors: Shipbuilding, Cruise tourism, Renewable energy, Maritime education

3. Significance

• Will act as a financial catalyst for ambitious targets under Maritime India Vision 2030 and Amrit Kaal Vision 2047

Key Frameworks

1. Maritime India Vision 2030

• Blueprint for holistic development of ports, shipping, and waterways
• Objective: Make India a global maritime leader

2. Amrit Kaal Vision 2047

• Builds upon Maritime India Vision 2030
• Focus: Long-term transformation of maritime logistics and sustainability

Other Major Initiatives

1. Digital Centre of Excellence (DCoE)

• Promote Innovation in port operations and Logistics modernisation via AI, IoT, Blockchain

2. SAGAR SETU Platform

• Aligned with PM Gati Shakti
• Offers integrated EXIM-related services by linking multiple service providers

3. DRISHTI System

• Full form: Data driven decision support - Review - Institutional Information-System for - Hastening and - Tracking Implementation
• Objective: Track and accelerate Maritime India Vision & Amrit Kaal targets

4. Scale of Rates (SOR) of Major Ports

• Introduces uniform port tariff structure

5. Gateway to Green: Ports as Hydrogen Hubs

• Roadmap for Green hydrogen production, storage and export & Sustainable maritime energy transition

Goals

1. Develop world-class ports

2. Promote:

• Inland water transport
• Coastal shipping
• Maritime sustainability

3. Enable India’s rise as a global maritime powerhouse

US Pulls Funding from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance

Reason:

• The US accused Gavi and WHO of silencing dissenting views and legitimate questions about vaccine safety.

Context:

• The US has historically been one of Gavi’s biggest donors.
• This move is part of a broader trend of US disengagement from global multilateral institutions.

Rising Trend of US Withdrawal from Global Alliances

1. Recent examples include:

• WHO
• Paris Climate Agreement
• UN Human Rights Council
• UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA)

2. Implications:

• As a global superpower, US withdrawal impacts global governance and funding significantly.

Impact of US Withdrawal from Global Alliances

1. Weakening Multilateralism / Rule-Based Order

• Undermines legitimacy and effectiveness of global institutions.
• (e.g., Israel withdrew from UNHRC after US exit)

2. Undermining Climate Action

• The US is the second-largest GHG emitter after China.
• Withdrawal from climate accords hampers global progress.
• In 2024, the world saw record-breaking heat.

3. Funding Shortages for Global Health

• In 2024, the US contributed ~15% of WHO’s total budget.
• US exit risks major funding gaps for vaccine programs and epidemic preparedness.

4. Leadership Vacuum

• Reduces Western influence in decision-making.
• Provides an opportunity for China to step in and shape global norms.
  (Potential impact on India’s strategic space and influence)

About Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance

• Established: 2000
• Nature: Public-private partnership
• Mission: “To save lives and protect health by increasing equitable and sustainable use of vaccines.”
• Core Partners: WHO, UNICEF, World Bank, Gates Foundation
• Achievements:

- Vaccinated over 1 billion children in the poorest countries
- Member of WHO-led Vaccine Safety Net (VSN) project

• Secretariat: Geneva, Switzerland

Significance for India and the Global South

• US pullback could disrupt immunization funding for developing countries.
• India, as a major vaccine producer and Gavi partner, may face increased expectations to step up leadership in global health cooperation.
• The trend also reinforces the need for diversified funding sources and regional self-reliance.

India Celebrates 10 Years of AMRUT

Overview

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

• Launch Date: 25 June 2015
• Significance: India’s first water-focused urban mission
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Objectives

• Ensure tap water and sewerage connections for every household
• Improve amenity value of cities (e.g., creation of parks)
• Reduce pollution by promoting public transport
• Modernize urban infrastructure and governance

Coverage

• Initially covered 500 selected cities/towns: Now covers 485 cities (after 15 cities merged)
• All Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) included under AMRUT 2.0

AMRUT 2.0

• Launched: 1 October 2021
• Duration: 2021–22 to 2025–26 (5 years)
• Scope: Universal coverage for water supply in all cities
• Promotes:

- Water reuse and recycling
- Parks and green spaces
- Pollution control measures

Key Initiatives Under AMRUT

• Jal Hi AMRIT: Promotes safe treatment and reuse of water
• AMRUT Mitra: Builds water management skills among SHG women

Type of Scheme

Centrally Sponsored Scheme

• Funds shared between the Centre and States/UTs
• Allocation based on urban population and number of towns

Major Achievements Over 10 Years

1. Water Infrastructure

• Millions of new household tap connections

2. Energy Efficiency

• 99 lakh streetlights replaced with LEDs
• 46 lakh tonnes CO₂ reduction per year

3. Urban Finance

• ₹4,984 crore raised by ULBs through municipal bonds

4. Urban Governance

• 3,599 cities implemented Online Building Permission Systems
• GIS-based Master Plans formulated for 231 cities, covering 1 lakh sq. km

Official Language of India - Key Constitutional Provisions

Golden Jubilee

• Department of Official Language celebrated 50 years (established in 1975).

Constitutional Framework - Part XVII (Articles 343–351)

1. Article 343

• The official language of the Union: Hindi in Devanagari script.
• However, English shall continue to be used for official purposes as per provisions.

2. Official Language Act, 1963

Provides for continued use of English along with Hindi:

• For official purposes of the Union.
• For business transactions in Parliament.

3. Article 344

Provides for setting up:

• Official Language Commission (to make recommendations).
• Committee of Parliament on Official Language (to review progress).

4. Article 345

A State Legislature may adopt:

• Any one or more of the languages in use in the State, or
• Hindi, as the official language of that State.

UN80 Initiative

Why launched?

• To commemorate 80 years since the signing of the UN Charter in 1945.

Purpose:

• Streamline operations.
• Sharpen impact.
• Reaffirm the UN’s relevance in a rapidly changing world.

About the United Nations

1. Establishment:

• Founded in 1945 after World War II to prevent future global conflicts and promote cooperation.

2. Six Principal Organs:

• General Assembly: Deliberative body of all member states.
• Security Council: Responsible for international peace and security.
• Economic and Social Council: Coordinates economic, social, and related work.
• Trusteeship Council: Supervised administration of trust territories (now inactive).
• International Court of Justice: Settles legal disputes among states.
• UN Secretariat: Administrative arm, headed by the Secretary-General.

3. Membership:

• 193 countries (India is a founding member).

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