27 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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AXIOM-4 Mission to the International Space Station (ISS)

The AXIOM-4 mission has been successfully launched to the International Space Station (ISS).

Notably, it marks India’s second astronaut in space since 1984.

About Axiom - 4 Mission

• Organizer: Axiom Space, a Texas-based private space startup.
• Launch Partner: SpaceX, providing the spacecraft and launch services.
• Collaborating Agencies: NASA (USA), ESA (Europe), ISRO (India).

Mission Objectives

1. 14-day stay onboard the ISS.

2. Conduct:

• Microgravity scientific research.
• Technology demonstrations.
• Educational and outreach programs.

Crew Composition

1. Astronauts

• From USA, India, Poland, Hungary

2. Indian Astronaut: Shubhanshu Shukla

• Becomes India’s second national astronaut in space.
• First Indian astronaut was Rakesh Sharma (1984, Soyuz mission).

About International Space Station

1. Type:

• Habitable artificial satellite.

2. Orbit:

• Low Earth Orbit (370–460 km altitude).

3. First Module Launched:

• 1998.

4. Key Partners:

• NASA (USA)
• Roscosmos (Russia)
• European Space Agency (ESA)
• Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
• Canadian Space Agency (CSA)

Significance for India

• Strengthens India’s engagement in global space research.
• Advances understanding of Biological processes in microgravity and Strategies for long-duration space missions.
• Inspires: Next generation of Indian scientists, engineers, and innovators.
• Demonstrates: India’s commitment to contributing to international scientific progress.

Salkhan Fossil Park Added to UNESCO Tentative List

Salkhan Fossil Park, also known as Sonbhadra Fossils Park, has been included in India’s Tentative List for UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Location and Context

• State: Uttar Pradesh
• District: Sonbhadra
• Range: Kaimur Range (part of the Vindhya Range)
• Proximity: Adjacent to Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary

About Salkhan Fossil Park

• Age of Fossils: Approx. 1.4 billion years old-among the oldest and best-preserved in the world.
• Key Fossil Type: Stromatolites-layered structures created by communities of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
• Significant Event Recorded: Great Oxidation Event-when oxygen first accumulated in Earth’s atmosphere.
• Forms of Stromatolites Present: Domal, Columnar, Stratiform
• Indicating ancient variations in water depth, sedimentation, and wave activity.

Recognition & Frameworks

1. Qualifies as:

• A geo-heritage site per IUCN 2020 guidelines (“Evolution of Life”).
• Matches UNESCO 2021 framework on Earth’s history and life evolution.

2. Addresses the “Precambrian Gap”:

• Precambrian era covers ~85% of Earth’s history, often underrepresented globally.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites - Quick Overview

1. Recognised for Outstanding Universal Value.

2. Based on the 1972 World Heritage Convention.

3. Three Categories:

• Cultural Heritage
• Natural Heritage
• Mixed Heritage (Cultural + Natural)

Significance

• Enhances understanding of: Early life evolution and ancient environmental conditions.
• Fills critical gaps in the fossil record: Showcases Precambrian microbial life rarely represented in World Heritage inventories.
• Strengthens India’s profile in: Geo-heritage conservation and global heritage recognition.

50 Years Since the Proclamation of Emergency (1975)

Union Cabinet has passed a resolution to mark 50 years since the Proclamation of Emergency on 25 June 1975.

The Emergency was declared under Article 352, citing internal disturbance.

Background of National Emergency

1. Previous Emergencies:

• 1962: During the war with China.
• 1971: During the war with Pakistan.
• 1975: Declared citing internal threats.

2. Article 352:

Enables proclamation if security of India or any part is threatened by:

• War
• External Aggression
• Armed Rebellion (added by 44th CAA, 1978).

Key Features of National Emergency

1. Proclamation:

• Made by the President on Cabinet advice.

2. Parliamentary Approval:

• Must be approved by both Houses within 1 month.
• Continuation requires re-approval every 6 months.
• Approval requires special majority (added safeguard by 44th CAA).

3. Impact on Fundamental Rights:

a. Article 358:

• Automatically suspends protections under Article 19.

b. Article 359:

• Allows suspension of enforcement of other rights in Part III.
• 44th CAA safeguard: Articles 20 & 21 cannot be suspended.

Key Constitutional Amendments During and After the 1975 Emergency

1. 38th CAA (1975):

• Barred courts from questioning the President’s satisfaction in proclaiming an emergency.

2. 39th CAA (1975):

• Excluded election of the PM and Lok Sabha Speaker from judicial review.

3. 42nd CAA (1976):

• Greatly enhanced central powers.
• Extended Lok Sabha and State Assemblies’ term from 5 to 6 years.
• Barred judicial review of constitutional amendments.

4. 44th CAA (1978):

• Reversed most changes.
• Restored democratic safeguards.
• Replaced “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion”.
• Reintroduced judicial oversight.

Constitutional Emergency Types

Cloudburst Triggers Flash Floods in Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh

As the monsoon set in, torrential rains due to a cloudburst caused swollen mountain streams and rivers in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh.

Resulted in loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and disruption of livelihoods.

What is a Cloudburst?

1. Definition (IMD):

• Precipitation exceeding 100 mm per hour over an area of ~20–30 sq. km.

2. Nature:

• Highly localized intense rainfall.
• Extremely short duration.
• Often occurs in mountainous regions.

Causes

1. Orographic Lift:

a. Moist air forced to ascend a mountain slope.

b. As it rises:

• It expands due to lower pressure at altitude.
• Cooling leads to condensation and precipitation.

2. Sudden Condensation:

a. Occurs when:

• Large volumes of warm, moist air rapidly mix with cooler air.
• Moisture accumulates without release.

b. This culminates in violent downpour (cloudburst).

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Measures

(As per National Disaster Management Plan, 2019)

1. Understanding Risk:

a. Compile and maintain:

• Cloudburst event data.
• Landslide Hazard Zonation mapping.

b. Monitor weather patterns with advanced forecasting.

2. Investing in DRR:

a. Repair and maintain:

• Natural drainage systems.
• Rivulets and stormwater channels.

b. Regulate land use in high-risk zones.

3. Capacity Building:

a. Strengthen local bodies’ preparedness:

• Develop early warning systems.
• Train communities in evacuation and relief.

b. Promote:

• Risk insurance.
• Financial risk transfer instruments.

Significance

1. Reflects increasing frequency of extreme weather events in the Himalayas.

2. Highlights:

• Need for integrated watershed management.
• Climate-resilient infrastructure.
• Community-based disaster preparedness.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

NATO Members Pledge to Boost Defense Spending to 5% of GDP by 2035, Reaffirm Collective Defense.

About NATO

1. Origin

• Established: 1949
• Through: North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty)
• Historical Context: Formed to deter Soviet expansion in Europe after WWII.

2. Headquarters

• Brussels, Belgium.

3. Nature & Membership

• Political and military alliance.
• Comprises 32 countries: From Europe and North America and Sweden is the latest member.

4. Core Principle

Collective Defense (Article 5):

• An attack on one member is considered an attack on all.
• Invoked only once in history-after the 9/11 attacks in the USA.

Significance

1. NATO remains:

• The world’s most powerful military alliance.
• A critical pillar of transatlantic security and deterrence.

2. The new spending target (5% of GDP) marks a significant escalation amid evolving security threats (e.g., Russia, China).

Paris Agreement – Climate Finance Commitments

India-Led Bloc Demands Major Increase in Climate Finance Commitments Under Paris Agreement Article 9.1.

Article 9.1 – Core Provision

• “Developed countries shall provide financial resources to assist developing countries with respect to both mitigation and adaptation, in continuation of their existing obligations.”

Climate Finance Commitments

1. Developed Countries’ Pledge (COP29)

• USD 300 billion per year mobilised from 2035.

2. Developing Countries’ Assessed Requirement

Minimum USD 1.3 trillion per year needed to:

• Meet Paris targets.
• Finance adaptation and loss and damage.
• Support green technology transitions.

Significance

1. The gap between pledges and needs:

• Highlights persistent climate finance inequity.
• Risks derailing trust in the Paris framework.

2. India and other developing nations:

• Are pushing for clear timelines and binding commitments on climate finance.
• Emphasise historical responsibility of developed economies.

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