10 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Madras and Delhi High Court Rulings on Phone Tapping (2024–25)

Background

Both High Courts dealt with interception orders citing “preventing incitement to commit a crime,” which is a legally permitted ground for phone tapping.

Delhi High Court:

• Upheld the interception order.
• Found that the order complied with the procedural safeguards laid down by law.

Madras High Court:

1. Quashed the interception order.

2. Held:

• Telephone tapping violates the right to privacy (protected under Article 21 of the Constitution).

3. Can only be justified if:

• It follows “procedure established by law” with strict compliance.
• There is proportionality and necessity.

Legal Framework for Phone Tapping in India

1. Telecommunications Act, 2023 & Rules (2024):

• Telecommunications (Procedures and Safeguards for Lawful Interception of Messages) Rules, 2024
• Issued under the new Act.
• Prescribe detailed procedures and due process for lawful interception.

2. People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India (1997):

• Supreme Court upheld Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act, 1885.
• Laid down procedural safeguards, including recording reasons in writing.
• Periodic review by oversight committee.
• Limited duration of interception orders.

3. Information Technology Act, 2000:

• Governs interception of electronic communications (WhatsApp, email).

Important Procedural Safeguards:

• Authority: Only the Home Secretary of the Central or State Government can issue orders.
• Duration: Valid for two months, unless renewed.
• Review: Must be reviewed by a committee to prevent misuse.

India’s Rare Earth Elements (REE) Reserves: CareEdge Report Highlights

Global Standing:

1. India holds 8% of the world’s REE reserves (3rd largest globally).

2. However, <1% of global REE mining output comes from India.

3. China dominates:

• 49% of global reserves.
• 69% of REE mining.
• ~90% of REE refining capacity.

Distribution of REEs in India

• Mainly found in monazite sands, which also contain thorium (radioactive).
• Key coastal states: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha

(Source: 2023 Indian Minerals Yearbook)

Why India Lags in REE Mining and Refining?

1. Complex Extraction Process:

• REEs often bound with radioactive elements.
• Extraction = time-consuming, costly, and environmentally challenging.

2. Incomplete Industrial Value Chain:

a. India has capacity to:

• Mine REEs.
• Separate and refine into oxides.
• Extract metals.

b. BUT lacks:

• Facilities for producing intermediate products (e.g., alloys, magnets).
• Advanced end-use manufacturing.

3. Limited HREE Availability:

• India primarily has Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE).
• Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) are not present in significant extractable quantities.

4. Regulatory Restrictions:

• Coastal mining faces restrictions under Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) norms.

5. Institutional Landscape:

Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL):

• A Mini Ratna PSU under Department of Atomic Energy.
• Only entity in India processing monazite to produce RE compounds.

Key Takeaway:

1. Despite rich reserves, India underperforms in REE production due to:

• Regulatory hurdles.
• Environmental challenges.
• Gaps in the industrial ecosystem.
• Technology and investment constraints.

2. Potential Strategy for India:

• Develop complete value chains (from mining to magnets).
• Invest in HREE exploration and processing technologies.
• Promote public-private partnerships and secure supply chains to reduce dependence on China.

Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Amendment Rules, 2025

Notification & Enforcement:

• Notified by: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
• Effective from: 1 April 2026

Key Feature:

• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for Scrap of Non-Ferrous Metals

Scope:

Non-ferrous metals covered: Aluminium, Copper, Zinc (and their alloys)

Recycling Targets:

EPR Certificate:

• Generated by: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
• Mode: Official CPCB portal
• Validity: 2 years from the end of the financial year in which generated

Significance:

• Provides time for industry to adapt.
• Major step towards circular economy.
• Covers diverse product streams.
• Enhances resource efficiency and waste reduction.

About Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR):

• Definition: Policy approach under which producers are responsible for the end-of-life management of their products and packaging.
• Objective: Ensure that environmental costs of disposal are internalized into product life cycles.

India’s EPR Milestones:

1. E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011:

• First to introduce EPR formally in India.

2. Now extended to:

• Plastic waste, Batteries, Tyres, Non-ferrous scrap metals (as per this amendment)

India–Brazil Relations: Recent Developments

Indian PM’s State Visit to Brazil (2025)

• Award: Conferred Brazil’s highest civilian honour,

Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross

1. Combating Terrorism & Transnational Crime

• Cooperation framework to tackle terror networks, organized crime, money laundering, narco-trafficking.

2. Digital Transformation MoU

• Exchange of large-scale digital solutions (e.g., platforms like Aadhaar, UPI).

3. Agricultural & Renewable Energy Cooperation

MoU between:

• Brazil’s EMBRAPA (agriculture research)
• India’s ICAR (Council of Agricultural Research)

4. Mutual Protection of Classified Information

5. Intellectual Property Cooperation

6. Ministerial-level Mechanism

• Institutional monitoring of Trade, Commerce, Investments

Priority Pillars for the Next Decade

• Defence & Security
• Food & Nutritional Security
• Energy Transition & Climate Change
• Digital Cooperation
• Innovation & Technology

India–Brazil Relations: Quick Facts

1. Strategic Partnership:

• Established in 2006

2. Multilateral Cooperation:

• BRICS, BASIC (climate group), G-20, G-4 (UNSC reforms), IBSA (India–Brazil–South Africa), UN, WTO, UNESCO, WIPO

3. Trade (2024–25):

• Bilateral trade: USD 12.20 billion
• India in trade surplus

4. Defence Cooperation:

• Defence Cooperation Agreement (2006)
• Joint Defence Committee (JDC) established as an institutional mechanism

5. Renewable Energy Collaboration:

• Brazil is a co-founder of the Global Biofuel Alliance
• Brazil ratified the International Solar Alliance (ISA) Agreement in 2022

Significance

1. Strengthens South–South cooperation

2. Positions India and Brazil as key partners on:

• Climate action
• Food security
• Green energy
• Digital innovation

3. Boosts India’s strategic presence in Latin America

4. Bitchat App by Jack Dorsey:

• Decentralised Messaging Redefined

What is Bitchat?

• A peer-to-peer messaging app that works without internet, mobile network, or central server.
• Developed using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Mesh Networking.
• Prioritises privacy, decentralisation, and anonymity.

How Bluetooth Mesh Networking Works

• Based on mesh topology or multi-hop networks.
• Devices (nodes) form Bluetooth clusters, relaying messages across the network.
• Message hops from one device to another until it reaches its destination.
• Self-healing: Even if a node/device drops, the network continues functioning.

Limitations

• High Latency: Slower message delivery across multiple hops
• Complex Network Management
• Low Data Transfer Rate: Not suitable for large files or media

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