14 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Export Promotion Mission (EPM) – Union Cabinet Approval

• Duration: 6 years (FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31)
• Financial Outlay: ₹25,060 crore
• Announced in: Union Budget 2025–26
• Objective: To strengthen India’s export ecosystem amid global trade uncertainties and enhance export competitiveness, especially for MSMEs and labour-intensive sectors.

Key Features of EPM

1. Mission Goals

• Improve access to affordable trade finance, especially for MSMEs & first-time exporters.
• Boost export competitiveness through compliance, certifications, and branding.
• Expand global market access and support job creation in labour-intensive sectors like textiles, leather, gems & jewellery, etc.

2. Mission Architecture: Two Integrated Sub-Schemes

(a) Niryat Protsahan (Financial Support): Easier, cheaper access to export finance. Includes:

• Interest subvention
• Collateral guarantees
• Credit cards for e-commerce exporters
• Improved access to trade finance through financial institutions

(b) Niryat Disha (Non-Financial Support): Building export capability & competitiveness. Includes:

• Quality, standards, compliance & certification support
• Assistance for international branding
• Export warehousing, logistics support
• Market readiness & intelligence

3. Implementing & Coordinating Bodies

• Nodal: Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)
• Partners: Department of Commerce, Ministry of MSME, Ministry of Finance, Export Promotion Councils, State Governments, Financial institutions

4. Consolidation & Modernization:

• The mission merges and upgrades existing schemes such as: Interest Equalisation Scheme (IES), Market Access Initiative (MAI)

Related Initiative: Credit Guarantee Scheme for Exporters (CGSE)

1. Credit Support:

• Additional ₹20,000 crore collateral-free credit.

2. Guarantee Coverage:

• 100% by National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Ltd. (NCGTC).

3. Beneficiaries:

• Both MSME and non-MSME exporters.

4. Objectives:

• Improve liquidity
• Facilitate market diversification
• Boost employment
• Strengthen India's global competitiveness

5. Implementing Agency:

• Department of Financial Services (DFS) via NCGTC

6. Oversight:

• Management Committee chaired by Secretary, DFS

Hydrogen Valley Innovation Clusters (HVICs)

Union Minister of Science & Technology announced that four HVICs are being established across India to demonstrate the complete green hydrogen value chain.

About HVICs

1. Aim: To create India’s first large-scale hydrogen demonstration projects, covering the entire green hydrogen value chain:

• Production
• Storage
• Transport
• Utilisation

2. Origin and Integration

• Initially conceptualized by the Department of Science & Technology (DST).
• Now integrated under the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM).

National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM)

• Launched: 2023
• Nature: Umbrella programme for creating a green hydrogen ecosystem in India.
• Target: Produce 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of Green Hydrogen annually by 2030.

What is Green Hydrogen?

1. Green Hydrogen 

• Hydrogen produced using renewable energy (solar, wind, biomass gasification).

2. Production Methods

• Electrolysis of water
• Biomass gasification

3. Emissions Criterion

• Must emit ≤ 2 kg CO₂ equivalent per 1 kg of Hydrogen produced.

India’s First Three Green Hydrogen Hubs

• Deendayal Port, Gujarat
• V.O. Chidambaranar Port, Tamil Nadu
• Paradip Port, Odisha

India–Botswana Sign Cheetah Translocation Agreement

India and Botswana have formally agreed to translocate eight African cheetahs to India under Project Cheetah, strengthening the country’s ongoing efforts to revive the extinct species in its natural habitat.

About Project Cheetah

1. Overview

(a) Launched:

• 2022

(b) Purpose:

• Reintroduce cheetahs to India through intercontinental translocation—the world’s first large carnivore transfer across continents.

(c) Earlier Translocations:

• 8 cheetahs from Namibia (2022)
• 12 cheetahs from South Africa (2023)

2. Implementing Agency

National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

• A statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC)
• Constituted under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended in 2006.

3. Institutional Mechanism

Cheetah Project Steering Committee (set up in 2023 by NTCA)

• Oversees implementation, monitoring, and evaluation
• Functions under the broader framework of Project Tiger

Significance of Cheetah Reintroduction

1. Ecological Importance

• Restores top-down regulation in grassland ecosystems
• Helps maintain a balanced prey population and overall ecosystem health

2. Biodiversity Conservation

Cheetah acts as a flagship species, aiding conservation of:

• Grassland fauna
• Semi-arid ecosystem species
• Prey-base species such as chinkara, blackbuck, etc.

About Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)

Key Characteristics

• Fastest land mammal
• Only large carnivore to go extinct in India in 1952
• Do not roar, unlike lions or tigers

Existing Species

• African Cheetah — Vulnerable (IUCN)
• Asiatic Cheetah — Critically Endangered (IUCN)
• Survives only in eastern Iran

PM of India Concludes Two-Day Visit to Bhutan – Key Outcomes

The Prime Minister of India completed a two-day official visit to Bhutan, reinforcing the unique and time-tested India-Bhutan partnership.

Key Outcomes of the Visit

1. Energy Cooperation

• Joint inauguration of 1,020 MW Punatsangchhu-II Hydropower Project
• Will supply electricity to both India and Bhutan.
• Renewed momentum for completing the 1,200 MW Punatsangchhu-I Project.
• India extended a ₹4,000 crore concessional Line of Credit (LOC)
• First-ever Indian LOC exclusively for Bhutan’s energy sector.

2. Economic & Development Partnership

• India reiterated support for Bhutan’s 13th Five Year Plan.
• Backing for Bhutan’s Economic Stimulus Programme.
• Continued support for Gelephu Mindfulness City, Bhutan’s flagship economic and tourism initiative.

3. Cultural Exchange

• Public exhibition in Thimphu of the Holy Piprahwa Relics of Lord Buddha.
• Discovered in 1898 at Piprahwa (ancient Kapilavastu), Uttar Pradesh.
• Strengthens shared Buddhist civilizational ties.

4. Connectivity Initiatives

• Discussions to boost cross-border infrastructure including:
• Gelephu–Kokrajhar railway link
• Samtse–Banarhat railway link
• Enhances trade, tourism, and regional connectivity.

5. Key Challenges Discussed

• Persistent delays in hydropower projects.
• Need for Bhutan to diversify beyond hydropower.
• Managing regional strategic concerns, including growing Chinese influence.

India–Bhutan Relations: Overview

1. Special Partnership

• Governed by India–Bhutan Treaty of Friendship (1949, revised 2007).
• Provides for mutual respect of sovereignty, close cooperation, and open borders.
• India is Bhutan’s largest development partner.

2. Strategic Convergence

• Shared interests in: Border security, Regional stability, Cooperation in the Himalayan frontier
• Doklam plateau remains a strategically sensitive zone for India (adjacent to the Siliguri Corridor/Chicken Neck).

3. Economic Linkages

• Bilateral Trade (2023–24): Over $1.7 billion (excluding electricity).
• India accounts for nearly 80% of Bhutan’s global trade.
• Investment: India accounts for 55% of all FDI in Bhutan.

Quantum Diamond Microscope – IIT Bombay

IIT Bombay has developed India’s first Quantum Diamond Microscope under the National Quantum Mission (NQM)—a major milestone in indigenous quantum sensing technology.

What is a Quantum Diamond Microscope?

1. Core Technology

• Utilises Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centres in ultra-pure diamonds.
• NV centres act as quantum sensors capable of detecting extremely weak magnetic fields.
• Operates at room temperature, unlike many quantum systems that require cryogenic conditions.

2. How it works

• NV centres fluoresce when illuminated with light.
• Variations in fluorescence allow mapping of magnetic fields at nanoscale spatial resolution.

Applications

1. Neuroscience

• Imaging electrical activity of neurons via magnetic fields.
• Research on brain disorders and neural circuits.

2. Materials Science

• Mapping magnetic domains and spin structures in materials.
• Studying quantum materials, superconductors, topological materials.

3. Semiconductor Industry

• Non-destructive testing of microchips.
• Detecting defects in integrated circuits.

4. Biotechnology & Medical Diagnostics (emerging)

• Imaging magnetic nanoparticles used in drug delivery and biomedical research.

Significance for India

• India’s first patent in quantum sensing technology.
• Boosts India’s indigenous capabilities under National Quantum Mission.
• Positions India among the few nations with advanced quantum instrumentation.
• Enhances future R&D in precision sensors, microsystems, and quantum-enabled devices.

About National Quantum Mission (NQM)

• Launched: 2023
• Budget: ₹6000+ crore
• Aim: Develop quantum technologies including quantum computing, quantum sensing & metrology, quantum communications and materials.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

Recent forensic investigations have highlighted FTIR spectroscopy as a fast, reliable, and non-destructive method for identifying material residues in post-blast crime scenes.

What is FTIR Spectroscopy?

1. Definition

• FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) Spectroscopy is an analytical technique that identifies and characterises materials based on how they absorb infrared (IR) radiation.

2. How it Works

• A beam of IR light is passed through a sample.
• Molecules absorb specific wavelengths corresponding to their chemical bonds.
• An interferometer records these absorption patterns.
• A computer processes the signal using a Fourier Transform to produce an infrared spectrum—a unique chemical fingerprint.

Key Features

• Non-destructive: Sample remains intact for further testing.
• Minimal sample requirement: Only tiny amounts needed.
• Rapid analysis: Quick identification of chemicals and compounds.
• Wide spectral range: Detects organic and some inorganic substances.
• Qualitative & Quantitative: Determines both what a substance is and how much is present.

Applications

1. Forensic Science

• Detection of explosive residues, fuel components, plastics, paints, and other trace materials in post-blast scenarios.
• Useful for rapid screening at crime labs.

2. Pharmaceuticals

• Drug identification, purity testing, and quality control.

3. Materials Science

• Analysis of polymers, composites, and coatings.

4. Environmental Monitoring

• Measuring particulate pollution, microplastics, soil and water contaminants.

5. Food and Agriculture

• Detecting adulterants, analysing composition and quality.

Ricin and Ammonium Nitrate: Security Agencies Foil Planned Terror Use

Security agencies recently prevented terror attempts involving the potential use of ricin poison and ammonium nitrate, prompting renewed attention on high-risk toxic and explosive materials.

About Ricin

• Source: A toxic protein extracted from castor beans or derived from castor-oil processing waste.
• Toxicity: Extremely lethal; even around 1 mg can be fatal if ingested.
• Mechanism: Enters cells and blocks protein synthesis, leading to rapid organ failure.
• Medical Risk: No known antidote or definitive treatment.

About Ammonium Nitrate

1. Properties:

• Chemical formula: NH₄NO₃
• White, crystalline, highly soluble compound
• Melting point: ~170°C

2. Risk Profile:

• Not explosive in pure form
• Becomes hazardous when mixed with fuels or other triggering agents
• Commonly used in the manufacture of industrial and improvised explosives.

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