16 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 16 October 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

India–Mongolia Mark 70 Years of Diplomatic Relations

India and Mongolia commemorated 70 years of diplomatic relations and the 10th anniversary of their Strategic Partnership, marked by the visit of the Mongolian President to India and the signing of several key Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs).

Key MoUs Signed

1. Development Cooperation:

• Both nations reaffirmed commitment to the Mongol Oil Refinery Project, supported through a US$ 1.7 billion Line of Credit from India.

2. Cultural Ties:

• MoU signed between Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council and Arkhangai Province of Mongolia to deepen cultural exchanges.

3. Spiritual Cooperation:

• India to send holy relics of Lord Buddha’s disciples - Sariputra and Maudgalyayana - to Mongolia.
• Plans to digitise one million ancient Buddhist manuscripts and strengthen the Nalanda–Gandan Monastery linkages.

4. Other Agreements:

• Free e-visas for Mongolian citizens.
• Collaboration on critical minerals, uranium, resilient supply chains, and third-country port access to boost trade connectivity.

Significance of Mongolia for India

• Strategic Importance: Mongolia’s geostrategic location between Russia and China offers India a vital partner for promoting regional balance and stability.
• Energy and Economic Potential: Mongolia’s vast coking coal reserves are significant for India’s steel industry and energy security.
• International Cooperation: Both nations uphold a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific and cooperate in multilateral fora like the UN and NAM.

India–Mongolia Relations Overview

• Diplomatic Relations: Established in 1955; elevated to a Strategic Partnership in 2015.
• Bilateral Trade (2024): US$ 110.8 million.
• Defence Cooperation: Regular joint exercises - Nomadic Elephant and Khaan Quest.
• People-to-People Links: Rooted in shared Buddhist heritage and cultural affinity.

2025 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report Released

The 2025 Global Hunger Index (GHI) was jointly released by Concern Worldwide (Ireland), Welthungerhilfe (Germany), and the Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV).

Theme: “20 Years of Tracking Progress: Time to Recommit to Zero Hunger”

Key Findings

1. Global Trends:

• Hunger reduction has stagnated since 2016, making the 2030 ‘Zero Hunger’ target under SDG 2 increasingly unattainable.

2. India’s Performance:

• Rank: 102 out of 123 countries
• GHI Score: 25.8 - classified as “Serious”.

3. Drivers of Global Hunger:

• Conflict: Primary factor disrupting food production and access.
• Climate Change: Intensifying droughts, floods, and environmental shocks.
• Economic Fragility: Inflation, currency depreciation, and reduced aid flows.
• Inequality: Persistent income gaps undermining food security efforts.

About Global Hunger Index (GHI)

1. Purpose:

• A composite measure tracking hunger and undernutrition globally, regionally, and nationally.

2. Publishing Bodies:

• Concern Worldwide (Ireland), Welthungerhilfe (Germany), and IFHV.

3. Scoring Methodology:

GHI scores range from 0 (no hunger) to 100 (worst), based on four key indicators:

• Undernourishment: Insufficient caloric intake.
• Child Stunting: Low height-for-age among children under 5.
• Child Wasting: Low weight-for-height among children under 5.
• Child Mortality: Deaths of children under 5 years.

Forest Declaration Assessment 2025 Report Released

The Forest Declaration Assessment 2025 Report warns that the world remains off-track to end deforestation by 2030, despite global restoration pledges.

Key Findings

• Global Deforestation Rate: Around 8.1 million hectares of forests were lost in 2024, which is 63% higher than the required trajectory to meet the 2030 zero-deforestation goal.
• Financial Imbalance: Harmful subsidies outweigh green finance by a staggering ratio of 200:1, undermining conservation goals.

Drivers of Forest Degradation

• Permanent Agriculture: Accounts for ~86% of global deforestation, linked to expansion of oil palm, cacao, orchards, nuts, rubber, and pasture lands.
• Mining Pressure: 77% of global mines are located within 50 km of Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), threatening critical habitats.
• Environmental Crimes: Illegal logging and deforestation collectively generate ~USD 281 billion annually, ranking among the world’s most profitable environmental crimes.

Key Shifts Needed

• Mandatory Regulations: Move beyond voluntary corporate pledges to binding accountability and traceable supply chains.
• Valuing Forests: Incorporate the true ecological and social cost of deforestation into market systems.
• Inclusive Governance: Ensure participation of Indigenous Peoples (IPs), Local Communities (LCs), women, and civil society in decision-making processes.

Global Forest Restoration Commitments

1. Bonn Challenge:

• Restore 150 million ha by 2020 and 350 million ha by 2030.
• India’s Pledge: Restoration of 26 million ha by 2030.

2. Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022):

• Target 2: Effective restoration of at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine ecosystems by 2030.

Significance

The report underscores that climate, biodiversity, and land restoration goals are interdependent, urging countries to reform financial incentives, enforce environmental governance, and empower local custodians of forests.

IUCN Red List 2025 Update Released at the World Conservation Congress

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) released the latest update of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species during the World Conservation Congress 2025, highlighting notable changes in the conservation status of several species worldwide, including Indian birds.

Key Highlights (India Focus)

1. Status of 12 Indian Bird Species Revised:

• Downlisted (Improved): 8 species show positive conservation trends.
• Uplisted (Higher Threat Category): 4 species show increasing vulnerability.

2. Species Uplisted:

• Indian Courser - Near Threatened
• Indian Roller - Near Threatened
• Rufous-tailed Lark - Near Threatened
• Long-billed Grasshopper-warbler - Endangered

3. Habitat Dependence:

• These birds rely on open natural ecosystems such as grasslands, semi-arid and desert landscapes, croplands, and scrublands.

4. Major Threats:

• Expansion of power infrastructure
• Agricultural intensification
• Invasive species
• Grassland loss due to afforestation and land conversion

Global Findings from the 2025 Update

1. Bird Populations:

• Over 50% of bird species worldwide are in decline, mainly due to habitat destruction from agriculture and logging.
• Birds remain critical as pollinators, seed dispersers, pest controllers, scavengers, and ecosystem engineers.

2. Arctic Seals:

• Three species have moved closer to extinction, with sea ice loss due to global warming being the primary threat.
• As keystone species, seals maintain marine food webs by consuming fish and invertebrates and recycling nutrients.

3. Green Sea Turtle:

• Conservation success story - its status has improved from Endangered to Least Concern due to sustained global protection efforts.

About the IUCN Red List

• Established: 1964
• Purpose: To provide the world’s most comprehensive database on the global conservation status of animals, fungi, and plants.
• Categories (9 total): Not Evaluated → Data Deficient → Least Concern → Near Threatened → Vulnerable → Endangered → Critically Endangered → Extinct in the Wild → Extinct
• Frequency: Updated at least twice annually.

Nile River and Recent Flood Concerns

Heavy rainfall has caused rising water levels along the Nile River, impacting communities across South Sudan.

About the Nile River

1. World’s Longest River:

• The Nile is recognized as the longest river in the world.

2. Transboundary Flow:

• It traverses 11 African countries-Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Eritrea.

3. Major Tributaries:

• White Nile: Originates from Lake Victoria, flowing through Uganda and South Sudan.
• Blue Nile: Rises from Lake Tana in Ethiopia.

4. Confluence:

• The two tributaries meet at Khartoum, Sudan, forming the main Nile River.

5. Course and Outflow:

• From Khartoum, the river flows northwards through Egypt, finally draining into the Mediterranean Sea.

“Live Cases” Dashboard under LIMBS

The Ministry of Law and Justice has launched the “Live Cases” Dashboard under the Legal Information Management and Briefing System (LIMBS) to strengthen real-time monitoring of government litigations.

Key Features

• The dashboard provides real-time data visualization of court cases involving the central government.
• It aims to enhance proactive decision-making, reduce delays, and improve inter-ministerial coordination in legal matters.

About LIMBS

• Full Form: Legal Information Management and Briefing System.
• Nature: A web-based litigation monitoring platform developed to oversee cases involving various ministries and departments.
• Objective: To ensure 24×7 online access for tracking and managing court cases in a transparent, efficient, and proactive manner throughout their life cycle.
• Significance: Helps in minimizing litigation burdens, ensuring accountability, and improving the government’s legal performance.

Operation Chakra-V

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) recently conducted coordinated search operations across Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka under Operation Chakra-V.

About Operation Chakra-V

• Objective: To identify, disrupt, and prosecute cybercriminal networks operating across national and international borders.
• Purpose: To safeguard citizens from digital exploitation, including cyber frauds, online scams, and other technology-enabled crimes.
• Collaboration: The operation involves coordination with international law enforcement agencies and digital service platforms to trace cross-border cybercrime activities.
• Significance: Reinforces India’s commitment to strengthening cybersecurity and digital trust through multi-agency and global cooperation.

National Security Guard (NSG)

The Government of India is setting up a new NSG hub in Ayodhya, adding to the six existing hubs located in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Jammu to enhance counter-terror response capabilities.

About NSG

1. Nature:

• The National Security Guard (NSG) is a federal contingency force known as a “World Class Zero Error Force”, established to tackle terrorism and hostage rescue operations.

2. Mandate:

• To deal with anti-terrorist activities, counter-hijack operations, bomb disposal, and VIP security, ensuring rapid, precise, and coordinated responses to emerging threats.

3. Modelled on:

• The Special Air Service (SAS) of the United Kingdom and GSG-9 of Germany.

4. Structure:

• Special Action Group (SAG): Comprises Army personnel and handles combat and counter-terror operations.
• Special Ranger Group (SRG): Drawn from Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs), assisting in security and protective duties.

5. Establishment:

• Created in 1986 under the National Security Guard Act, 1986.

6. Nodal Ministry:

• Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).

World Economic Outlook (WEO)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF), in its latest World Economic Outlook (WEO), has raised India’s GDP growth projection for 2025–26 to 6.6% (from 6.4% earlier) and projected 6.2% growth for 2026–27.

Globally, growth is expected to moderate from 3.3% in 2024 to 3.2% in 2025 and 3.1% in 2026, reflecting uneven recovery across economies.

About World Economic Outlook (WEO)

• Published by: International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Purpose: Provides analyses and forecasts of the global economy over the near and medium term, highlighting trends in growth, inflation, trade, and fiscal developments.
• Publication Frequency: Released twice a year (April and October), with interim updates as needed.

Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs (CCSCH)

The 8th Session of the CCSCH commenced in Guwahati, India, with the Spices Board, Kochi acting as the host secretariat.

About CCSCH

• Role: Subsidiary body under the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) tasked with developing and harmonising standards for spices and culinary herbs in line with global practices.
• Objective: Protect consumer health and promote fair practices in international food trade.
• Parent Body: Part of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme.
• Established: July 2013, at the 36th CAC meeting in Rome.
• India’s Role: Serves as the host country, actively facilitating discussions and standard-setting processes.

About CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission)

Collects food standards, guidelines, and codes of practice to ensure food safety, quality, and fair trade.

Google’s Artificial Intelligence (AI) Hub in Visakhapatnam

Google announced a USD 15 billion AI Hub in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, marking its largest-ever investment in India and its biggest AI hub outside the United States.

The investment will span 2026–2030, aligning with India AI Mission and the Viksit Bharat Vision.

Key Features

• Purpose-Built Data Centre Campus: Combines advanced AI infrastructure, large-scale data centre capacity, renewable energy sources, and a high-speed fibre-optic network in one integrated campus.
• International Subsea Gateway: Construction of multiple international subsea cables landing in Visakhapatnam, enhancing global connectivity and data transfer capacity.

Significance

• Strengthens India’s position in artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and digital infrastructure.
• Supports research, innovation, and technology-driven economic growth in line with national AI priorities.

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