20 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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CAG Report on FRBM Act 

Why in News

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) presented its annual review report on the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003 in Parliament, highlighting progress and challenges in fiscal consolidation. 

Background: FRBM Act, 2003

Objective: 

• Promote long-term macroeconomic stability. 
• Ensure inter-generational equity by reducing deficits and overall debt. 
• Strengthen fiscal discipline and transparency in government finances. 

Key Findings of the CAG Report

1. Central Government Debt 

• Declined from 61.38% of GDP in FY 2020-21 to 57% of GDP by March 2024. 

2. Debt Accumulation vs. Economic Growth 

• The pace of debt accumulation (2020-21 to 2023-24) remained lower than GDP expansion, suggesting the economy is capable of absorbing and servicing debt. 

3. Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) 

• Public debt repayment to public debt receipts ratio improved: 
• From 86.66% in FY 2019-20 → 81.46% in FY 2023-24. 

FRBM Targets

1. By FY 2024-25: 

• General Government debt (Centre + States) ≤ 60% of GDP. 
• Central Government debt ≤ 40% of GDP. 

2. Fiscal Deficit (FD) Target: 

• Initially: Limit to 3% of GDP by 31st March 2021. 
• Current Commitment: Achieve FD below 4.5% of GDP by FY 2025-26. 

3. Borrowing Guarantees: 

• Government not to provide additional guarantees on the Consolidated Fund of India exceeding 0.5% of GDP in any year. 

Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2025 

Why in News

The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2025 was introduced in the Lok Sabha to further simplify laws, reduce regulatory burdens, and strengthen trust-based governance. 

Background

• Builds upon the Jan Vishwas Act, 2023, which had decriminalised 183 provisions across 42 Central Acts. 
• Reflects the government’s commitment to “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance”. 
• Aims to enhance Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) and Ease of Living by updating outdated laws and simplifying compliance mechanisms. 

Key Features of the Bill

1. Decriminalisation 

• 288 provisions proposed for decriminalisation. 
• Imprisonment clauses for minor defaults are replaced with monetary penalties or warnings. 
• Further decriminalisation proposed for Tea Act, 1953; Legal Metrology Act, 2009; Motor Vehicles Act, 1988; Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940. 

2. Rationalisation of Penalties 

• Penalties made proportionate to the violation. 
• Graduated penalties for repeated offences. 
• First-time contraventions: 76 offences under 10 Acts will attract warnings or advisory notices instead of fines. 

3. Ease of Living Enhancements 

• Amendments proposed in New Delhi Municipal Council Act, 1994 and Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. 
• Facilitate simplified compliance and citizen-centric governance. 

4. Streamlined Adjudication 

• Designated officers empowered to impose penalties administratively. 
• Reduces judicial burden and speeds up resolution of minor offences. 

5. Automatic Penalty Revision 

• Fines and penalties will increase automatically by 10% every three years. 
• Ensures deterrence remains effective without the need for fresh legislation. 

Significance

• Encourages trust-based and simplified governance. 
• Supports business-friendly reforms and citizen-centric regulatory practices. 
• Reduces court backlogs and enhances administrative efficiency. 

Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) 

Why in News

Opposition parties are reportedly considering a motion for removal of Chief Election Commissioner. 

Constitutional Provisions

• Article 324(5) of the Constitution governs the removal of the CEC. 
• States that the CEC can be removed “in like manner and on like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court”. 

Process for Removal

1. Initiation of Motion 

A motion alleging misbehaviour or incapacity can be introduced in either House of Parliament. 

2. Committee Enquiry 

Once admitted, a Parliamentary committee enquires into the validity of charges against the CEC. 

3. Parliamentary Approval 

The motion must be passed by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting in both Houses of Parliament. 

4. Presidential Order 

Following parliamentary approval, the President of India issues an order removing the CEC. 

Bond Yields 

Why in News

Benchmark sovereign bond yields in India have risen significantly, affecting borrowing costs, investment returns, and market sentiment. 

What is a Bond Yield?

• Definition: The return an investor earns on the capital invested in a bond. 
• Represents the effective interest income relative to the current market price of the bond. 

Key Factors Affecting Bond Yields

1. Inverse Relationship with Bond Prices 

• When bond prices fall, yields rise. 
• When bond prices rise, yields fall. 

2. Market Interest Rates 

• Rising interest rates → newly issued bonds offer higher returns → existing bond prices drop → yields increase. 
• Falling interest rates → yields decrease. 

3. Inflation Expectations 

• Higher expected inflation reduces real returns → investors demand higher yields. 

4. Economic Outlook & Market Sentiment 

• Strong economic growth → higher yields due to inflation and rate expectations. 
• Market uncertainty or slowdown → yields may fall as investors seek safe-haven bonds. 

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 

Why in News

UNHCR has temporarily suspended the repatriation process of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, citing ongoing concerns about their safety and voluntary return. 

About UNHCR

1. Genesis 

• Established in 1950 by the UN General Assembly after World War II. 
• Formerly known as the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees. 

2. Objective 

• Acts as the UN Refugee Agency dedicated to: 
• Saving lives and protecting the rights of refugees. 
• Assisting internally displaced communities and stateless people. 

3. Key Mandates & Documents 

• Guardian of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. 
• Provides international protection, humanitarian assistance, and durable solutions (repatriation, resettlement, or local integration). 

4. Headquarters 

• Located in Geneva, Switzerland. 

5. Recognition 

• Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1954 and 1981 for humanitarian efforts. 

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