20 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Pakistan–Saudi Arabia Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement

Core Provision

• “Any aggression against either country shall be considered an aggression against both.”
• Extends Pakistan’s nuclear umbrella to Saudi Arabia.

Impacts & Implications

1. Regional Security:

• Strengthens Saudi defences against Iran, Houthis in Yemen, and Israel.
• Adds a nuclear dimension to West Asia’s already tense security environment.

2. Geopolitical Shift:

• Weakens US role as traditional security guarantor (due to US–Israel alignment in Gaza conflict).
• Opens space for China to expand influence in the region.

3. For Pakistan:

• Gains leverage and strategic depth through alignment with Saudi Arabia.
• May project pact as deterrence against India in case of future confrontations.

4. For India:

• Strategic concern → Pakistan could seek stronger backing via Saudi resources.
• But India–Saudi ties remain robust economically and in energy.

India–Saudi Arabia Relations (Contextual Relevance)

1. Strategic Partnership:

• Riyadh Declaration (2010).

2. Trade:

• Bilateral trade (2023) – USD 42.98 billion.
• India = Saudi Arabia’s 2nd largest trading partner.
• Saudi Arabia = India’s 5th largest partner.
• India = Net importer.

3. Energy:

• 3rd largest crude supplier to India.

4. Remittances:

• In 2024, Saudi Arabia contributed 6.7% of India’s inward remittances.

"Shifting Paradigms: United to Deliver" Report (2025)

Released by: UN Secretary-General
Under: Workstream 3 of UN80 Initiative
Objective: Streamline UN system for coherence, efficiency, and relevance in changing global context.

Proposals & Focus Areas

1. Peace & Security

• Consolidation of offices & leadership layers.
• Establishing Centres of Excellence (e.g., peacebuilding, women in peace & security).

2. Sustainable Development

• Assessing mergers: UNDP + UNOPS, UNFPA + UN Women.
• UNAIDS to be sunset by 2026.
• Creation of Joint Knowledge Hubs for pooled expertise.

3. Human Rights

• A System-wide Human Rights Group, led by the UN High Commissioner, to integrate rights across all UN activities.

4. Humanitarian

• New Humanitarian Compact → cutting bureaucracy, speeding response.

Paradigm Shifts Proposed

1. Technology & Data:

• Establish UN System Data Commons.
• Launch Technology Accelerator Platform for modernization and linking fragmented data.

2. Funding:

• Reform pooled/core funding to attract more contributions aligned with collective priorities.

UN80 Initiative

• Workstream 1: Internal efficiency & effectiveness.
• Workstream 2: Mandate Implementation Review (examining 1000s of member-state assigned tasks).
• Workstream 3: Structural/programmatic realignment (this report).

Aim: To reduce silos, duplication, and bureaucracy → ensure reforms are in line with UN Charter.

Chief Justice Flags Barriers in Accessing Justice for Marginalised Citizens

Why in News?

• The Chief Justice of India emphasized the urgent need to dismantle barriers faced by marginalized and vulnerable groups in securing access to justice.
• Access to justice is seen as the State’s duty to provide fair, equal, and speedy redressal.

Constitutional Mandate

• Article 14: Equality before law.
• Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty.
• Article 39A: Directive Principle ensuring equal justice and free legal aid.

Barriers to Access to Justice

1. Geographical:

• Courts and law institutions concentrated in urban centres; rural/remote citizens face physical inaccessibility.

2. Linguistic:

• Dominance of English in legal education and court proceedings excludes large sections of population.

3. Economic:

• High litigation costs and expensive legal education deter poor and marginalized.

4. Social:

• Illiteracy, caste-based discrimination, lack of awareness of rights.

5. Other Challenges:

• Digital divide in e-courts adoption.
• Weak physical infrastructure.
• Judicial backlog – over 4.6 crore cases pending in lower courts.

Institutional Measures

1. National Mission for Justice Delivery & Legal Reforms:

• Enhancing efficiency, accountability, and structural reforms.

2. Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987:

• National & State Legal Services Authorities.
• Lok Adalats as alternative dispute resolution.

3. E-Courts Mission Mode Project:

• Digitization of court records and processes for faster delivery.

Way Forward

• Linguistic Inclusivity: Adoption of regional languages in legal education, pleadings, and judgments.
• Legal Education Reform: Scholarships, stipends, fee waivers to make legal profession inclusive.
• Regional Access: Expansion of law schools, local courts, and legal aid clinics in rural areas.
• Technology Integration: AI tools, e-filing, and digital platforms to reduce delays and expand reach.

India-AI Impact Summit 2026: Flagship Initiatives for Responsible AI

Why in News?

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has announced key initiatives for the upcoming India-AI Impact Summit 2026, which marks the first-ever hosting of the event by a Global South nation.

Guiding Framework

1. The Summit will follow 3 guiding Sutras:

• People: Human-centric development.
• Planet: Sustainable and environment-friendly AI.
• Progress: Equitable growth through AI-driven innovation.

2. Deliberations will revolve around 7 thematic Chakras:

• Human Capital, Inclusion, Safe & Trusted AI, Resilience, Science, Democratizing AI Resources, Social Good

Flagship Initiatives

1. AI Pitch Fest (UDAAN):

• Platform for AI startups to showcase innovations.
• Aims to boost entrepreneurship and investment opportunities.

2. Global Innovation Challenges:

• Special tracks for youth, women, and other participants.
• Designed to foster inclusive and diverse AI-driven solutions.

3. Research Symposium:

• Brings together global researchers and institutions.
• Focus on forging international collaborations in AI research and policy.

Significance

• Establishes India as a thought leader in AI governance from the Global South.
• Aligns AI development with SDGs, climate resilience, and inclusive growth.
• Encourages a balanced AI ecosystem by combining innovation, safety, and ethics.

Protection of Women from Domestic Violence (PWDV) Act, 2005

Why in News?

• The PWDV Act, 2005, which provides legal protection to women against domestic violence, has completed 20 years.
• The NCRB Crime in India 2022 report highlighted 4.45 lakh crimes against women, with cruelty by husband or his relatives being the majority category.

Key Features of the Act

1. Scope of Domestic Violence:

• Covers physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, and economic abuse including unlawful dowry harassment.

2. Institutional Mechanism:

• Protection Officers: File domestic incident reports, ensure legal aid, and arrange safe shelter.
• Service Providers: Deliver legal, medical, financial, and counseling support.
• Shelter & Medical Facilities: States to notify recognized centres.

3. Reliefs Available:

• Protection, residence, custody, monetary relief, and access to shelter & healthcare.

4. Residence Rights:

• Women in a domestic relationship have the right to reside in the shared household.

Concerns & Challenges

• Social Barriers: Victim-blaming, stigma, and economic dependence deter reporting.
• Structural Issues: Weak shelter infrastructure, inadequate conviction rates.
• Institutional Gaps: Poor awareness, insufficient training for police & officers.
• Misuse Allegations: Rising number of false cases being filed, causing concern for balance.

Blue Ports

Why in News

India has signed a Technical Cooperation Programme (TCP) agreement with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to strengthen Blue Port infrastructure across the country.

Key Highlights

1. Pilot Projects

Three Smart and Integrated Fishing Harbours will be developed:

• Vanakbara - Diu
• Karaikal - Puducherry
• Jakhau - Gujarat

2. FAO’s Blue Ports Initiative

• Aims to transform marine and coastal areas into sustainable social, economic, and environmental hubs.
• Promotes stakeholder participation involving local communities, governments, and private players.
• Positions fishing ports as strategic platforms for local, national, and regional growth.

3. Broader Significance for India

• Enhances fisheries infrastructure and value chains.
• Supports blue economy development through sustainable practices.
• Strengthens India’s role in global food security and ocean governance.

Maternal Mortality

Why in News

Puducherry has become the first Union Territory in India to achieve zero maternal mortality.

Key Highlights

1. Definition

• Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from causes related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental/incidental causes.

2. Measurement Indicator

• Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

3. Global & National Context

• SDG Target: MMR of 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.
• India’s Status: MMR at 93 per 100,000 live births.
• Achievers of SDG Target in India: Kerala, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Karnataka.

Chabahar Port

Why in News

• The US administration has announced withdrawal of the sanctions waiver previously granted to the Chabahar Port project in Iran, developed by India.
• The waiver was originally granted in 2018.

Key Highlights

1. About Chabahar Port

• A deep-water port located on the Gulf of Oman, in Sistan-Baluchistan Province, Iran.
• Closest Iranian port to India, offering direct access to landlocked Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan.

2. India’s Role

• In 2024, India signed a 10-year contract granting India Ports Global Ltd (IPGL) the right to equip and operate the port.

3. Strategic Importance

• Provides connectivity to Afghanistan, Central Asia, Russia, and Europe.
• Integral part of the proposed International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).

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