22 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India Successfully Test-Fires Agni-5 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile 

Why in News

India has successfully carried out the test-firing of the Agni-5 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) under the supervision of the Strategic Forces Command (SFC), reaffirming its strategic deterrence capabilities. 

Strategic Forces Command (SFC)

• Role: Functions under the Nuclear Command Authority (NCA). 
• Mandate: Manages and administers India’s tactical and strategic nuclear arsenal. 

About Agni-5

• Type: Nuclear-capable Surface-to-Surface Ballistic Missile (SSBM). 
• Engine: Powered by a three-stage solid-fuel propulsion system. 
• Range: Over 5,000 km. 
• Developer: Designed and developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). 
• Programme Linkage: Part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). 
• Other missiles under IGMDP: Prithvi, Trishul, Nag, and Akash. 

Significance

• Demonstrates India’s advancement in MIRV (Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle) technology. 
• Places India in the league of global powers with MIRV-capable IRBMs: United States, Russia, China, and France. 

Surface-to-Surface Ballistic Missiles (SSBM)

• Trajectory: Powered initially by a rocket, followed by an unpowered ballistic path before striking the target. 
• Payloads: Can carry nuclear or conventional warheads. 

Classification of Ballistic Missiles by Range

• Short-Range: Less than 1,000 km (Tactical Ballistic Missiles). 
• Medium-Range: 1,000 – 3,000 km. 
• Intermediate-Range: 3,000 – 5,500 km. 
• Long-Range (ICBMs): Above 5,500 km (Strategic/Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles). 

Reservation in Private Higher Educational Institutions Backed by Parliamentary Panel 

Why in News?

The Department-Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Education, Women, Children, Youth, and Sports, in its 370th report, has recommended the extension of reservation policies to private higher educational institutions (HEIs), emphasizing constitutional backing and the need for inclusive access. 

Current Scenario of Representation in Private HEIs

• Marginalized groups underrepresented: For instance, in 2024–25, BITS Pilani reported only 10% OBC, 0.5% SC, and 0.8% ST enrolment out of 5,137 students. 
• Economic barrier: High tuition fees in private universities act as a deterrent for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. 

Why Reservation is Needed in Private HEIs

• Dominance of Private Sector: 
• 65.3% of India’s colleges are private unaided. 
• 517 private universities exist (AISHE 2021–22). 
• Public Institutions’ Capacity Constraint: 
• With growing student population and the NEP target of 50% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), public institutions alone cannot meet demand. 

Constitutional and Judicial Backing

• Article 15(5): Allows the State to provide for SCs, STs, and SEBCs in both public and private institutions (except minority institutions). 
• Judicial Endorsement: The Supreme Court in Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust v. Union of India (2014) upheld the constitutional validity of Article 15(5). 

Committee Recommendations

1. Legislative Mandate: 

Reservation quotas in private HEIs: 27% OBCs, 15% SCs, and 7.5% STs. 

2. Financial Responsibility of Government: 

Costs of implementing reservation to be borne by the State, similar to the 25% quota under the Right to Education Act (2009). 

3. “Creamy Layer” Principle: 

Strict application for OBCs, with regular revision of income thresholds to ensure benefits reach the most deprived. 

4. Awareness Campaigns: 

Collaboration with NGOs and local leaders to spread awareness among marginalized groups about reservation benefits. 

Bills for Removal of Ministers Facing Criminal Charges Referred to Joint Parliamentary Committee 

Why in News

• The Union Government has recently introduced three bills aimed at filling the legal gap concerning the tenure of elected officials facing serious criminal allegations. 
• These bills have been referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) for detailed scrutiny. 

The Bills Introduced

• Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025 
• Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill, 2025 
• Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2025 

Salient Features of the Bills

1. Objective

• Establish a clear legal framework for removal of ministers facing serious criminal charges. 
• Uphold constitutional morality and good governance. 
• Reinforce public trust in democratic institutions. 

2. Constitutional Amendments Proposed

• Article 75 – Union Council of Ministers. 
• Article 164 – State Council of Ministers. 
• Article 239AA – Special provisions for NCT of Delhi. 

3. Trigger for Removal

• Arrest and detention in custody for 30 consecutive days for an offence punishable with imprisonment of five years or more. 

4. Timeframe for Action 

• By the 31st day of detention, removal/resignation process must be initiated. 

5. Process for Removal 

• Union Ministers – Prime Minister recommends removal to the President. 
• State Ministers – Chief Minister recommends removal to the Governor. 
• UT Ministers (with Legislative Assembly) – Chief Minister recommends to the Lieutenant Governor. 
• Prime Minister/Chief Minister – No recommendation needed; they must resign or will automatically stand removed after 31 days. 

6. Automatic Cessation

• If action is not taken by the 31st day, the office of Minister/PM/CM shall automatically fall vacant. 

7. Re-appointment Clause

• On release from custody, the PM/CM or Minister can be reappointed by the respective constitutional authority (President/Governor/Lieutenant Governor). 

Existing Legal Framework for Ministerial Removal

• Section 8, Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 
• Legislators disqualified upon conviction for specified offences, if sentenced to imprisonment of 2 years or more. 
• Law Commission (170th Report) 
• Recommended disqualification at the stage of framing charges for offences carrying punishment of 5 years or more. 

India–EAEU Free Trade Agreement: Terms of Reference Signed 

Why in News

• India and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) have signed the Terms of Reference (ToR), formally initiating negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). 
• The deal aims to establish a long-term framework for trade and economic cooperation. 

Potential Benefits of the India–EAEU FTA

1. Economic Gains

• Trade Expansion: Expected to unlock untapped trade opportunities, attract investments, and deepen India–EAEU economic partnership. 
• Fact: Bilateral trade reached USD 69 billion in 2024, recording a 7% increase over 2023. 
• Market Access: Opens new export destinations for India, particularly significant amidst rising U.S. tariffs and the need for diversification. 
• Competitiveness: Strengthens India’s position in global markets, especially against non-market economies. 
• Major boost anticipated for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). 

2. Energy Security

• The EAEU possesses abundant natural resources, vital for India’s growth. 
• Example: Russia currently supplies *35–40% of India’s total oil imports by volume. 

3. Strategic Benefits

• Strengthens India’s multi-alignment policy by enhancing ties with the Russia-led bloc. 
• Provides India with greater leverage in Eurasian geopolitics. 

About the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)

• Nature: An international organization promoting regional economic integration. 
• Genesis: Established under the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (2014). 
• Membership: Includes Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. 
• Key Features: 
• Free movement of goods, services, capital, and labour. 
• Coordinated policies in trade, customs, energy, and industrial development. 

Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025 

Why in News

• The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025 has been passed by the Lok Sabha. 
• It was introduced with the President’s recommendation under Article 117(1) and 117(3) of the Constitution. 

Key Highlights of the Bill

Objective

• Establish a comprehensive legal framework to: 
• Regulate, promote, and encourage the online gaming industry. 
• Facilitate innovation and economic growth. 
• Ensure a safe, responsible, and transparent digital environment for users. 

Categorization of Online Games 

(a) e-Sports 

• Competitive events played individually or in teams. 
• Outcomes determined by physical dexterity, skill, and mental agility. 

(b) Online Social Games 

• Games without monetary stakes. 
• Aimed at entertainment, recreation, and skill development. 

(d) Online Money Games 

• Games involving payment of fees/deposits with the expectation of monetary or material rewards. 
• Covers games of skill, chance, or both. 
• Excludes e-sports. 

Regulatory Provisions

1. Complete Ban on Online Money Games 

• Prohibits offering such games, their advertisements, and related financial transactions through banks or financial institutions. 

2. Promotion of Non-Monetary Games 

• Mandates government support for e-sports and online social games. 

3. Online Gaming Authority 

Establishes a new regulatory body (or assigns an existing one) for: 

• Policy coordination 
• Strategic development 
• Oversight of the gaming sector 

Constitutional Provisions: Article 117

1. Article 117(1):

• Covers matters related to Money Bills (Article 110). 
• Requires President’s recommendation. 
• Such Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. 

2. Article 117(3):

• A Bill involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India cannot be passed by either House unless recommended by the President. 

Global Capability Centres 

Why in News

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) has announced plans to establish a Global Capability Centre (GCC) in India, envisioned as a “Silicon Valley for Solar” to accelerate clean energy innovation. 

About Global Capability Centres (GCC)

1. Definition:

Strategic entities that support an organization’s global operations through technology, talent, and innovation. 

2. Objective: 

• Harness global talent pools and technological advancements. 
• Enhance organizational efficiency and capabilities. 
• Drive business transformation across sectors. 

Significance of GCCs

• Act as centres of excellence for innovation and digital transformation. 
• Provide specialized services in areas such as IT, finance, engineering, R&D, and analytics. 
• Enable companies to achieve scalability and cost efficiency while maintaining quality. 

Why India is Emerging as a GCC Hub

• Cost Efficiency: Lower operational costs compared to developed economies. 
• Skilled Workforce: Large pool of technically skilled, English-proficient professionals. 
• Innovation Ecosystem: Strong digital infrastructure and thriving start-up environment. 
• Strategic Location: Ability to serve global markets across multiple time zones. 

Lipulekh Pass Dispute

Why in News

• India has rejected Nepal’s objection to the resumption of India–China border trade through the Lipulekh Pass. 
• Nepal has consistently protested India’s activities in this region, citing overlapping territorial claims. 

Background

• In 2020, Nepal amended its Constitution and issued a new political map asserting claims over Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani. 
• India has maintained that these areas lie within its sovereign territory of Uttarakhand. 

About Lipulekh Pass

1. Location:

• A Himalayan mountain pass in Uttarakhand, India. 

2. Geopolitical Significance:

• Acts as a key link between India and Tibet (China). 
• Important for border trade and connectivity. 

3. Religious Importance:

• Serves as a route for the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra. 

4. Tourism Aspect:

• Included under Bharat Rannbhoomi Darshan, a battlefield tourism initiative highlighting culturally and historically significant sites. 

Cultural and Educational Rights of Minorities

Why in News

• The Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly has passed the Uttarakhand Minority Education Bill, 2025. 
• The Bill seeks to abolish the Madrasa Board and replace it with the Uttarakhand Minority Education Authority. 

Constitutional Provisions on Cultural and Educational Rights of Minorities

1. Article 29 – Protection of Interests of Minorities

(a) Article 29(1):

Any section of citizens having a distinct language, script, or culture has the right to conserve the same. 

(b) Article 29(2): 

Prohibits discrimination in admissions to institutions maintained or aided by the State solely on the grounds of religion, race, caste, or language. 

2. Article 30 – Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Institutions

(a) Article 30(1):

Religious and linguistic minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. 

(b) Article 30(2): 

The State, while granting aid, shall not discriminate against educational institutions managed by minorities. 

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