22 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 22 November 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

State of the World's Children 2025 Report Released by UNICEF

UNICEF has released its flagship publication, “The State of the World’s Children (SoWC) 2025: Ending Child Poverty – Our Shared Imperative”, presenting a global assessment of multidimensional child poverty using data from over 130 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

About the SoWC 2025 Report

• Focuses on multidimensional poverty, assessing children’s deprivation across: Education, Health, Nutrition, Housing, Water, Sanitation

• Provides country-wise and regional insights into child well-being and poverty-linked challenges.

Key Findings of SoWC 2025

1. Monetary Poverty

• Over 19% of children worldwide live in extreme monetary poverty, defined as surviving on less than USD 3 per day.

2. Multidimensional Deprivation

• More than 1 in 5 children in LMICs experience severe deprivation in at least two essential areas necessary for healthy growth and development.
• India-specific data: 206 million children face at least one deprivation, 62 million experience two or more deprivations.
• Sanitation emerges as the most common severe deprivation.

3. Regional Vulnerabilities

• Highest incidence of multidimensional child poverty is found in: Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia

4. Drivers Exacerbating Child Poverty

Ongoing and emerging challenges include:

• Conflict and displacement
• Climate and environmental crises
• Demographic pressures
• Rising national debt levels
• Technological inequalities
• Cuts in Official Development Assistance (ODA)

5. Consequences of Poverty

(a) For children:

• Poorer health and nutrition outcomes
• Delayed cognitive and emotional development
• Lower educational achievement
• Increased risks of depression, anxiety, and shorter lifespans

(b) For societies:

• Reduced productivity and economic growth
• Higher vulnerability to violence, unrest, and extremism

UNICEF’s Five Policy Pillars to End Child Poverty

1. Make Child Poverty Eradication a National Commitment

• Prioritize child poverty in national agendas.
• Ensure coordinated, multi-sectoral action backed by adequate financing.

2. Integrate Children’s Needs into Economic Policy

• Adopt child-sensitive budgeting.
• Align economic reforms and fiscal policies with children’s developmental needs.

3. Strengthen Social Protection Systems

• Expand comprehensive social protection schemes for families.
• Cash transfer programmes have shown notable success in: Brazil, Mexico, South Africa

4. Improve Access to Essential Public Services

• Universal access to quality healthcare, education, nutrition, and WASH services.
• Invest in safe housing and community infrastructure.

5. Enhance Economic Security of Parents and Caregivers

• Promote decent and secure employment.
• Enforce fair wages, expand formalization, and strengthen social security nets.

India Justice Report Flags Critical Gaps in Juvenile Justice System

The latest India Justice Report (IJR) has released a thematic study titled “Juvenile Justice and Children in Conflict with Law”, assessing the performance of India’s juvenile justice system a decade after the enactment of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.

About India Justice Report (IJR)

• A biennial, data-driven index evaluating the capacity of justice delivery institutions across States/UTs.
• Uses official government data to rank states on police, judiciary, prisons, and legal aid systems.

Key Findings of the Report

1. Gaps in Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs)

• India has 707 JJBs across 765 districts (2023–24).
• Only 18 states and Jammu & Kashmir have a JJB in every district → uneven institutional coverage.

2. Rising Case Pendency

• Only 45% of cases disposed between Nov 2022 – Oct 2023.
• Backlogs leading to prolonged inquiries and delays in justice.

3. High Institutionalisation of Children

• Nearly 83% of children in custodial care are lodged in Observation Homes.
• Indicates delayed inquiries and preference for institutional custody over rehabilitative alternatives.

4. Infrastructure Shortfalls

• 14 states lack a statutory ‘Place of Safety’, mandatory for children involved in serious offences.
• Existing facilities include: 319 Observation Homes, 41 Special Homes, 40 Places of Safety

Major Recommendations of the Report

1. Strengthen JJB Capacity

• Fill vacancies across judges, probation officers, counsellors, and superintendents.
• Ensure consistent functioning in every district.

2. Use Technology as a Force Multiplier

• Adopt digital case-management systems.
• Integrate databases of police, courts, Child Care Institutions (CCIs), and child protection agencies.

3. Prioritise Structured Training

• Introduce competency-based training programmes for: Police, JJB members, Probation officers, Lawyers and counsellors
• Build coordination across institutions.

4. Independent and Periodic Evaluations

• Conduct regular third-party assessments under Section 55 of the JJ Act.
• Involve universities and civil society for monitoring and audits.

Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 – Key Provisions

1. Scope and Purpose

• Governs: Children in Conflict with Law (CCL) & Children in Need of Care and Protection (CNCP)

2. Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs)

• Mandatory in every district.
• Responsible for adjudicating matters related to CCL.

3. Oversight Mechanism

• National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): National-level monitoring.
• SCPCRs: State-level oversight.

4. Preliminary Assessment Provision

For heinous offences by children 16–18 years, the JJB must assess:

• Mental and physical capacity
• Ability to understand consequences

Based on assessment, the Children’s Court may decide whether to try the child as an adult.

Judiciary Cannot Impose Timelines on President or Governors: Supreme Court Verdict

On 21 November 2025, a Constitution Bench of five judges delivered its opinion in the 16th Presidential Reference (under Article 143), holding that the Supreme Court or High Courts cannot fix any timelines for the President or Governors to decide on Bills under Articles 200 and 201 of the Constitution.

Background

• In April 2025, the Supreme Court had earlier introduced mandatory time limits within which the Governor and the President had to act on Bills.
• The President later invoked Article 143, seeking the Court’s advisory opinion on the constitutional validity of judicially-imposed timelines.

Key Highlights of the Judgment

1. No Judicial Power to Impose Timelines

• Courts cannot direct or prescribe deadlines for the President or the Governor to grant, withhold, or return Bills.
• Doing so would intrude into the constitutional domain of the Executive.

2. ‘Deemed Assent’ Not Permissible

• The Court clarified that the concept of automatic or deemed assent is absent in the Constitution.
• Courts cannot assume assent simply because a court-specified time period has expired.
• Such a presumption would amount to judicial overreach and violation of the separation of powers.

3. Non-action Cannot Be Indefinite

The President and Governors cannot indefinitely delay decisions on Bills.
Sitting on Bills without action:

• Undermines federalism,
• Disrespects the legislature’s mandate,
• Violates constitutional morality.

4. Limited Judicial Review

• Courts may intervene only in cases of mala fide conduct, not in the merits of the assent.
• Judicial scrutiny is confined to the process followed, not the substance of the decision.

5. President’s Discretion on Reserved Bills

• When a Bill is reserved for the President, she is not required to seek Supreme Court’s advice each time.
• The subjective satisfaction of the President is sufficient for deciding on such Bills.

About Article 200 and Article 201

1. Article 200 – Governor’s Decision on State Bills

When a Bill passed by the State Legislature is presented, the Governor may:

• Give assent.
• Withhold assent.
• Return the Bill (if not a Money Bill) for reconsideration.
• Reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President.

2. Article 201 – President’s Decision on Reserved Bills

The President may:

• Assent,
• Withhold assent, or
• Return the Bill (if not a Money Bill) for reconsideration.

The Constitution does not specify any time limit for the President’s decision.

Supreme Court Orders National ‘Management Plan for Sustainable Mining’ (MPSM) in Aravallis

The Supreme Court has directed the Union Government to formulate a Management Plan for Sustainable Mining (MPSM) for the Aravalli Hills, while hearing a plea seeking a uniform definition for the Aravalli range in the T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad (1995) case.

Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Judgment

1. Uniform Definition of Aravalli Hills and Ranges

The Court accepted the criteria recommended by the Central Empowered Committee (CEC):

• Aravalli Hill: Any landform with an elevation of 100 metres or more located in designated districts.
• Aravalli Range: Hills situated within 500 metres of each other.

2. Preparation of MPSM

• The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) will prepare the MPSM.
• The plan will be developed with technical support from the: Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE)
• The MPSM will: Demarcate permissible mining zones
• Identify ecologically sensitive and conservation-critical areas
• Mark restoration priority areas where mining will be strictly prohibited

3. Temporary Moratorium on Mining

• The Court ordered that no new mining leases, nor renewal of existing leases, shall be granted in Aravalli-range states until the MPSM is finalized.

About the Aravalli Range

1. Geological Features

• Among the world’s oldest fold mountains, dating back to the Pre-Cambrian era.
• Extends through Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi.
• Highest Peak: Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu.

2. Ecological and Hydrological Importance

• Serves as a “Green Barrier” preventing the eastward expansion of the Thar Desert.
• Functions as a major aquifer recharge zone, influencing groundwater availability.
• Acts as a watershed between the Ganga and Indus river basins.
• Catchment area for several rivers, including: Banas, Luni, Sahibi

3. Biodiversity Significance

• Forms part of the Great Green Wall of Aravalli, an essential ecological corridor.
• Home to species such as Indian leopards and golden jackals.

4. Conservation Initiatives

Aravalli Green Wall Project launched by MoEF&CC aims to:

• Restore degraded landscapes
• Prevent desertification
• Enhance green cover
• Improve the ecological health of the Aravalli ecosystem

India Records Highest-Ever Foodgrain Output: Crop Production Estimates 2024–25

The Union Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare has released the final crop production estimates for 2024–25, indicating record-breaking growth across major foodgrain categories, oilseeds, and key agricultural commodities.

Overview of the 2024–25 Crop Production Estimates

1. Foodgrain & Cereal Output

• India witnessed growth across all major staple cereals, including: Rice, Wheat, Maize, Millets
• This marks a continued upward trend driven by improved agricultural practices and policy interventions.

2. Oilseeds Production

• Oilseed output registered an increase of over 8% compared to 2023–24.
• Growth was primarily driven by higher production in: Soybean, Groundnut

Government Measures Driving Production Growth

1. MSP Procurement Support

• Expanded Minimum Support Price (MSP) procurement assurance for pulses such as: Tur (Arhar), Urad, Chana, Moong
• This has strengthened farm incomes and boosted pulse cultivation.

2. Self-Reliance in Pulses Mission (2025–26 to 2030–31)

A long-term national initiative aimed at:

• Achieving self-sufficiency in pulses
• Reducing reliance on imports
• Enhancing farmer incomes sustainably

India remains the world’s largest producer, consumer, and importer of pulses.

3. Strengthening Irrigation Infrastructure

Key programmes improving water availability include:

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
• Micro Irrigation Fund
• Efficient water-use initiatives to boost resilience in rain-fed areas.

4. Sustainable Agriculture Practices

Under the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):

• Promotion of organic and alternative fertilisers
• Focus on soil health improvement and climate-resilient farming
• Targeted interventions to improve long-term agricultural productivity.

Seychelles Joins Colombo Security Conclave as 6th Member

Seychelles, an island nation in the western Indian Ocean, has become the sixth member of the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC), a regional security and maritime cooperation forum.

Key Facts about Seychelles

1. Political Features

• Capital: Victoria
• An archipelagic nation comprising 155 islands located northeast of Madagascar.
• Recognized as the smallest African country in both area and population.

2. Geographical Features

• Islands are situated atop the submarine Mascarene Plateau.
• Terrain: Mahe Group: Volcanic origin, hilly interiors with narrow coasts
• Outer Islands: Flat coral atolls or elevated reefs
• Island Groups: Mahe Group: Mountainous main islands
• Outer Islands: Low-lying coralline islands

3. Climate

• Tropical Oceanic, with relatively stable temperatures, high humidity, and seasonal rainfall influenced by monsoons.

Turkiye to Host UNFCCC COP31, Australia Assumes Presidency

The 31st Conference of Parties (COP31) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) will be hosted by Turkiye, with Australia holding the COP Presidency.

About UNFCCC COP

1. Role and Significance

COP (Conference of Parties) is the supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC.
Serves as the annual forum where member countries:

• Assess global progress on climate action
• Negotiate agreements and refine climate commitments
• Review Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and emission inventories

2. Key Functions

• Facilitate review of national communications submitted by member countries
• Ensure coordination for global climate mitigation, adaptation, and financing efforts
• Promote implementation of previous climate agreements, including the Paris Agreement (2015)

3. Historical Context

• COP1: Berlin, Germany, 1995 – marked the beginning of formal UN climate negotiations
• Annual meetings since then have shaped global climate policy frameworks

U.S. Approves $93 Million Sale of Javelin and Excalibur to India

The United States has approved the sale of FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile systems, Excalibur guided artillery munitions, and associated equipment to India worth $93 million.

Key Details of Weapons Systems

1. FGM-148 Javelin Missile System

• Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin & Raytheon joint venture
• Type: Man-portable fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile
• Capabilities: Engages main battle tanks and armoured vehicles
• Operates in top-attack and direct-attack modes
• Medium-range, effective against bunkers, caves, and other fortifications

2. Excalibur Guided Artillery Munition

• Manufacturer: Raytheon Missiles & Defense (RTX)
• Type: Precision-guided 155 mm artillery round
• Capabilities: Enables long-range precision strikes
• Reduces collateral damage
• Lowers logistical requirements compared to unguided artillery

Global Mutirão: COP30 Initiative for Accelerated Climate Action

At COP30 in Brazil, the “Global Mutirão” initiative was launched to drive urgent, collective action for transitioning away from fossil fuels and achieving climate targets.

About Global Mutirão

1. Origin and Concept

Inspired by Brazilian & Indigenous tradition:

• “Mutirão” refers to community labour for a common goal.
• Adapted as a global climate mobilisation tool by COP30 Presidency.

Climate Action Lens: Encourages a cooperative, society-wide effort aligned with the Paris Agreement 1.5°C target.

2. Scope and Participation

Invites governments, cities, private sector, and civil society to accelerate:

• Climate action implementation
• Climate finance mobilisation
• Deployment of low-carbon technologies

3. Platforms and Tools

Maloca Digital Hub:

• Connects local initiatives to global climate goals
• Facilitates knowledge sharing, collaboration, and monitoring of progress

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