22 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 22 September 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

 

CAG Releases First Comprehensive Report on State Finances (2022-23)

Why in News

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India published its first-ever consolidated report on State Finances (2022-23), covering fiscal trends of all 28 states over a decade (2013-14 to 2022-23).

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Key Findings of the Report

1. Total Debt:

• States’ combined debt stood at 22.17% of national GDP (2022-23).
• FRBM Act (2003) target: Limit state debt to 20% of GDP by 2024-25.

2. Debt-to-GSDP Ratio (2022-23):

• Punjab: 40.35% (highest).
• Nagaland: 37.15%.
• West Bengal: 33.70%.

3. Fiscal Deficit:

• All 28 states reported deficits.
• Lowest – Gujarat (0.76% of GSDP).
• Highest – Himachal Pradesh (6.46%).
• FRBM benchmark: Fiscal deficit capped at 3.5% of GSDP.

4. Revenue Capacity Disparities:

• Haryana: States’ Own Tax Revenue (SOTR) share – 70%.
• Arunachal Pradesh: Only 9%, reflecting heavy reliance on central transfers.

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Why is Public Debt Rising in Many States?

1. Subsidy Burden:

• Farm loan waivers.
• Free/subsidised electricity, social welfare schemes (youth, women, farmers).
• Direct cash transfers.

2. High Committed Expenditure:

• Salaries, pensions, and interest payments.
• Averaged >42% of revenue expenditure and >6% of GSDP throughout the decade (except 2013-14 & 2016-17).

3. Revenue Constraints:

• Over-dependence on GST compensation & central transfers.
• Weak capacity for internal revenue mobilisation in many states.

 

High Seas Treaty Secures 60th Ratification, Set to Enter into Force

Why in News

The High Seas Treaty, adopted in 2023, has reached the required 60th ratification, triggering its entry into force 120 days later.

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About the High Seas Treaty

1. Formal Name:

• Agreement on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement).

2. Nature:

• A legally binding treaty under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

3. Objective:

• Conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), often called the High Seas.

4. High Seas Definition:

• Areas beyond any single nation’s jurisdiction.
• Classified as global commons, open to all for lawful activities – navigation, overflight, submarine cables/pipelines, etc.

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Relation with UNCLOS

Third Implementing Agreement to UNCLOS:

• 1994 Agreement on UNCLOS implementation.
• 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement.
• 2023 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ).

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India and the Treaty

• 2024: Union Cabinet approved India’s signing of the Treaty.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences.

 

PM Lays Foundation Stone of India’s First PM MITRA Park in Madhya Pradesh

Why in News

• The Prime Minister has laid the foundation stone of India’s first PM Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel (PM MITRA) Park at Bhainsola village, Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh.
• The park will benefit cotton producers by providing world-class infrastructure.

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Locations of 7 PM MITRA Parks Tamil Nadu – Virudhnagar Telangana – Warangal Gujarat – Navasari Karnataka – Kalaburagi Madhya Pradesh – Dhar (first one launched) Uttar Pradesh – Lucknow Maharashtra – Amravati

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About PM MITRA Scheme

1. Launched by:

Ministry of Textiles, 2021.

2. Duration:

2021-22 to 2027-28.

3. Aim:

To establish large-scale, modern industrial infrastructure for the entire textile value chain.

4. Vision:

Inspired by the 5F approach – Farm → Fibre → Factory → Fashion → Foreign.

5. Implementation:

Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) jointly owned by Centre & State Government.

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Funding Pattern

1. Development Capital Support (DCS):

Up to ₹500 crore per park.

2. Competitive Incentive Support (CIS):

Up to ₹300 crore per park to attract early investment.

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Eligibility & Selection

1. Land:

Contiguous, encumbrance-free parcel of at least 1000 acres.

2. Policy:

Alignment with state textile/industrial policy.

3. Type:

Can be Greenfield or Brownfield.

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Potential Outcomes

1. Investment:

Nearly ₹70,000 crores expected.

2. Employment:

Around 20 lakh jobs to be generated.

3. Competitiveness:

Enhanced infrastructure & economies of scale to boost textile exports.

4. FDI:

Scheme designed to attract both domestic and foreign investors.

 

World’s First AI-Designed Viral Genome Created

Why in News

• Stanford University and the Arc Institute scientists have created the world’s first functioning viral genome designed entirely with artificial intelligence (AI).
• Marks a breakthrough in synthetic biology and AI-driven biotechnology.

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About the Achievement

1. AI Model Used:

Evo AI genomic model.

2. Method:

Redesigned a tiny bacteriophage (ΦX174) that infects E. coli.

3. Outcome:

Produced bacteriophages that can effectively kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Potential Applications of AI in Biosciences

1. Biotechnology & Medicine

• Accelerates drug and vaccine discovery.
• Personalized and effective treatments.

2. Bacterial Control

• Design custom viruses to target drug-resistant bacteria.

3. Research & Synthetic Biology

• Development of biofuels, biodegradable materials, engineered microbes.
• Breakthroughs like DeepMind’s AlphaFold in protein structure prediction.

4. Agriculture & Industry

• Engineered organisms for crop resilience, fermentation, and industrial processes.

5. Scientific Insight

• Deeper understanding of gene interactions, regulation, and evolution.

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Concerns & Challenges

1. Dual-use Risks:

Potential misuse for bioweapons or harmful pathogens.

2. Biosafety:

Risk of accidental release with ecological/health consequences.

3. Ethical & Regulatory Gaps:

Lack of global norms on AI-bioscience research.

4. Overdependence on AI:

Reduced human oversight may lead to errors.

 

CMLRE Study on ELSA 3 Shipwreck: Major Ecological Damage in Arabian Sea

Why in News

• Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology (CMLRE) study revealed significant ecological damage due to the ELSA 3 shipwreck off Kerala’s coast.
• The ship carried furnace oil and low-sulphur diesel, causing a persistent marine oil spill disaster.

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Key Findings of the Study

1. Chemical Contamination

• Shipwreck acted as a source of heavy metals: Nickel, Lead, Copper, Vanadium.
• Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) like naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene detected in water & sediments.

2. Biological Impacts

(a) Zooplankton:

• High bioaccumulation of petroleum pollutants.

(b) Fish eggs & larvae:

• Decay and mortality, threatening Arabian Sea fisheries.

(c) Benthic organisms (seafloor animals):

• Sensitive species declined.
• Pollution-tolerant worms & bivalves survived → indicator of acute habitat degradation.

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Ecological Concepts

1. Bioaccumulation:

Gradual build-up of toxic substances (e.g., pesticides, heavy metals) in living organisms.

2. Benthic organisms:

Animals living on or attached to the seafloor, critical for nutrient cycling & marine health.

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India’s Response Framework to Marine Pollution

1. Global Conventions (India is a Party/Signatory)

• MARPOL – Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
• OPRC 1990 – Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response & Cooperation.
• Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001 – Ratified by India in 2015.

2. National Mechanism

• National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (1996) → Indian Coast Guard as the central coordinating authority for combating oil pollution.

 

UN 1267 Sanctions Committee and Recent Developments

Why in News

A joint proposal by Pakistan and China to list the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) and its suicide unit, the Majeed Brigade, under the UN 1267 Sanctions Regime was blocked by the U.S., France, and the U.K.

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About UN 1267 Committee

1. Establishment:

Created in 1999 under UNSC Resolution 1267.

2. Also Known As:

ISIS and Al-Qaeda Sanctions Committee.

3. Composition:

Includes all permanent and non-permanent members of the UN Security Council.

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Key Functions / Sanctions Measures

1. Asset Freeze

Prevents funds, financial assets, and economic resources from being accessed.

2. Travel Ban

Denies entry or transit through any member state’s territory.

3. Arms Embargo

Prohibits direct/indirect supply of arms and military assistance.

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Significance

• The sanctions list serves as a powerful counterterrorism tool within the UN system.
• Blocked listings often reflect geopolitical divides among UNSC members, especially between P5 nations.
• For India, the committee is relevant as it has sought listings of Pakistan-based terror groups such as Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).

 

Fentanyl and U.S. Visa Ban on Indian Nationals

Why in News

The United States has imposed visa restrictions on certain Indian nationals allegedly linked to the trafficking of precursor chemicals used in the production of fentanyl, a highly potent synthetic opioid.

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About Fentanyl

1. Nature:

• A synthetic opioid commonly prescribed for pain relief and anesthesia.

2. Potency:

• 100 times stronger than morphine.
• 50 times stronger than heroin (as an analgesic).

3. Medical Use:

• Legitimate use in managing severe pain, such as in cancer patients or during surgery.

4. Illicit Use:

• Increasingly misused in the illegal drug trade due to its high potency and low manufacturing cost.

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Health Impacts

1. Neurological Effects:

Alters brain activity, causing dependence and compulsive use.

2. Symptoms:

Drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, nausea, visual disturbances.

3. Overdose Risks:

High doses can suppress breathing, leading to respiratory failure, coma, or death.

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Global Concern

• Fentanyl and its analogues are central to the opioid crisis in the U.S., causing tens of thousands of overdose deaths annually.
• Control of precursor chemicals has become a key focus in international drug enforcement cooperation.

 

National Archives of India (NAI) & National Committee of Archivists (NCA)

50th Golden Jubilee Meeting of the NCA was co-hosted by NAI.

National Committee of Archivists (NCA)

• Established: 1953.
• Headed by: Director General of Archives, NAI.
• Role: All-India professional body to discuss professional & technical problems faced by Archives Departments.

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National Archives of India (NAI)

1. Origin:

1891, Calcutta (as Imperial Records Department).

2. Current HQ:

New Delhi.

3. Regional Office:

Bhopal.

4. Records Centres:

Bhubaneswar, Jaipur, Puducherry.

5. Ministry:

Attached office under Ministry of Culture.

6. Functions:

Custodian of records of enduring value: Public records, Private papers, Oriental records, Cartographic records, Microfilms, etc.

7. Legal framework:

Implements Public Records Act, 1993 & Public Records Rules, 1997.

8. Headed by:

Director General of Archives.

 

H-1B Visa

US President signed a proclamation imposing a $100,000 annual fee on H-1B visa applications.

Key Features

1. Type:

• Non-immigrant U.S. visa for skilled foreign workers.

2. Specialty Occupations:

• IT, engineering, medicine, and other fields requiring at least a bachelor’s degree or equivalent.

3. Sponsorship:

• Requires employer sponsorship (U.S. company files the petition).

4. Validity:

• Initial period: 3 years
• Extendable: up to 6 years

5. Annual Cap: 65,000 visas (general quota)

• 20,000 visas (reserved for advanced degree holders from U.S. institutions).

 

Poompuhar (Kaveripattinam)

Why in News

An underwater archaeological survey has been launched off the coast of Poompuhar after more than two decades, aiming to study the submerged remains of the ancient port city.

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About Poompuhar

1. Location:

• Ancient Chola port city situated at the mouth of River Kaveri, Tamil Nadu.

2. Historical Importance:

• Served as the second capital of the Cholas.
• Functioned as a major maritime trade hub during the Sangam period, linking South India with international markets.

3. Trade Specialization:

• Known for the export of pearls, spices, and textiles.

4. Submergence:

• Historical accounts and literary references suggest that large parts of Poompuhar were submerged by the sea.

5. Cultural Reference:

• The Tamil epic “Manimekalai”, authored by poet Sattanar during the Sangam era, provides detailed descriptions of Poompuhar and its maritime heritage.

 

Clearing Corporation of India (CCIL)

Context

RBI Governor’s Suggestion: Reserve Bank of India has urged CCIL to explore settlement mechanisms beyond the traditional dollar–rupee framework, supporting the internationalisation of the Indian rupee.

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About CCIL

1. Founded:

• 2001

2. Purpose:

• Provides reliable clearing and settlement services for money markets and government securities markets.

3. Clearing vs. Settlement:

• Clearing – Confirmation of trade details.
• Settlement – Actual exchange of money and securities.

4. Regulation:

• Recognized as a Systemically Important Financial Market Infrastructure (FMI) and regulated by the RBI under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.

5. Role as Central Counterparty (CCP):

• Guarantees settlement of transactions even if one party defaults.
• Reduces counterparty risk and ensures market stability.

6. Recognition:

• Declared a Qualified Central Counterparty (QCCP) by RBI.

 

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