23 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 23 July 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

Motion Submitted in Parliament to Remove Justice Yashwant Varma

Overview

Members of Parliament from across party lines have submitted a formal motion in both Houses seeking the removal of Justice Yashwant Varma.

• In the Lok Sabha, the motion bears the signatures of 145 members.
• In the Rajya Sabha, over 50 members have endorsed a similar motion and submitted it to the Chairman.

Constitutional Provisions for Removal of Judges

The Constitution of India lays down a structured mechanism for the removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity, under the following Articles:

1. Supreme Court Judges

• Article 124(4): A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed by the President after an address passed by both Houses of Parliament on the grounds of: Proven misbehavior, or Incapacity
• Article 124(5): Authorizes Parliament to enact laws to regulate:
  - The procedure for presenting the removal motion
  - Investigation and proof of charges under Article 124(4) (→ Enabled the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968)

2. High Court Judges

• Article 217(1)(b): A High Court judge may be removed by the President in the same manner as a Supreme Court judge, as outlined in Article 124(4).
• Article 218: Extends the application of Articles 124(4) and 124(5) to High Court judges.

Procedure for Removal of a Judge

1. Initiation of Motion

a. A removal motion can be introduced in:

• Lok Sabha: Must be signed by at least 100 members
• Rajya Sabha: Must be signed by at least 50 members

b. The motion is submitted to the Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairman (Rajya Sabha).

2. Admissibility & Committee Formation

a. If the motion is admitted, a three-member Inquiry Committee is formed, comprising:

• A sitting Supreme Court Judge
• A Chief Justice of a High Court
• A distinguished jurist

b. This committee investigates the allegations and submits a report.

c. If guilt is established, the matter proceeds to Parliament.

3. Parliamentary Approval

a. The House where the motion originated must pass it with a special majority:

• Majority of the total membership, and
• Two-thirds of members present and voting

b. The motion is then sent to the other House, which must pass it with the same special majority.

4. Presidential Action

• Upon approval from both Houses, an address is presented to the President in the same session.
• The President then issues the order of removal.

Note: The Constitution does not use the word “impeachment” for the removal of judges. The process is distinct from impeachment proceedings for the President.

Parliamentary Select Committee Submits Report on Income Tax Bill, 2025

A Parliamentary Select Committee was constituted to review the Income Tax Bill, 2025, which aims to overhaul the Income-Tax Act, 1961. The committee's report emphasizes modernization, clarity, and fairness in tax administration.

Key Recommendations of the Committee

1. Retention of Tax Authority Powers

• Endorses provisions granting tax officials the authority to access—even forcibly if required—private emails and social media accounts during search and seizure operations.

2. Definition Updates for Legal Clarity

Recommends aligning definitions of:

• "Capital asset"
• "Infrastructure capital company"
• "Micro and small enterprises" - with existing laws to reduce ambiguity.

3. Support for Startups and Businesses

Calls for:

• Clearer rules for R&D deductions
• Tax incentives for biodegradable waste processing businesses
• Clarification of terms like "parent company" and "status" in appellate tax proceedings

About the Income Tax Bill, 2025

Objective: To replace the Income-Tax Act, 1961, aiming for

• Language simplification
• Elimination of redundant and outdated provisions
• Improved taxpayer predictability

Major Provisions

India Emerges as Global Leader in Fast Payments: IMF

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has recognized India as the global leader in real-time digital payments, with the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) surpassing traditional platforms like Visa in terms of transaction volume and innovation.

What is UPI?

• Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is an instant, real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), which operates under the oversight of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• It is built atop the IMPS (Immediate Payment Service) infrastructure, enabling seamless digital payments across bank accounts.

Digital Architecture Enabling UPI’s Success

• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Over 55 crore bank accounts opened under this financial inclusion scheme.
• Aadhaar-Based Digital Identity: Provides secure authentication and verification, ensuring seamless access to services.
• Connectivity Revolution & 5G: Enhanced mobile and internet penetration has made digital transactions accessible across rural and urban India.

Transformational Impact of UPI on Payment Ecosystem

1. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Model

• UPI is built on open-source architecture, reducing onboarding and operational costs.
• Contrasts with Closed Loop Systems (CLS), where payer, payee, and service provider must all operate within a single system.

2. Ease of Integration

Supports both legacy and modern systems, facilitating:

• Real-time settlements
• Batch transaction compatibility

3. Interoperability & Consumer Freedom

• Enables seamless cross-platform transactions, empowering users to choose providers freely and encouraging market competition.

4. Cross-Border Capabilities

• UPI is evolving into a global payment facilitator with cross-border payment functionality for partner countries.

Vice President of India Resigns Before Completion of Term

India’s Vice President has officially tendered his resignation to the President, making him only the third Vice President in the nation’s history to step down before completing the full tenure.

What Happens When the Office Falls Vacant?

• A vacancy in the office of the Vice President-due to resignation, death, removal, or any other reason—must be filled at the earliest opportunity.
• Once elected, the new Vice President serves a full term of five years, beginning from the date of taking charge, regardless of the unexpired term of the predecessor.

Eligibility Criteria for Vice President

To contest for the post of Vice President, a candidate must:

• Be a citizen of India
• Have completed 35 years of age
• Be qualified to be elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha

Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER)

The Union Minister has announced a one-year extension of the MOVCDNER scheme for the state of Assam, reaffirming the government's focus on sustainable agricultural development in the North East.

About MOVCDNER

1. Launch & Scope

• Initiated in 2015-16 as a centrally sponsored scheme.
• Envisaged as a dedicated initiative to promote organic farming in India’s North Eastern Region (NER).

2. States Covered

• The scheme is being implemented in the following eight North Eastern states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura

Key Objectives

• Promote and scale up certified organic production in the region.
• Establish a value chain-based model from farm to market.
• Ensure strong linkages between organic farmers and consumers.

Major Components

• Supply of organic inputs including seeds and bio-fertilizers.
• Certification support to validate organic production.
• Development of infrastructure for aggregation, such as: Collection centers, Processing units, Packaging and storage facilities
• Market linkage facilitation for organic produce through branding and marketing support.

Significance

• Leverages the natural advantage of the North East region, which is relatively less exposed to chemical inputs.
• Enhances farmer income, promotes sustainable agriculture, and meets growing consumer demand for organic products.

Bills of Lading Bill, 2025

Parliament has given its nod to the Bills of Lading Bill, 2025, ushering in a modernized legal framework for shipping and trade documentation.

About the Bill

Purpose & Need

• Seeks to modernize and streamline the law governing bills of lading, an essential document in maritime trade.
• Will replace the outdated Indian Bills of Lading Act of 1856, which has been in force since the colonial era.

What is a Bill of Lading?

1. A bill of lading is a commercial shipping document issued by a freight carrier to a shipper.

2. It serves three key purposes:

• Receipt of Goods: Acknowledges that goods have been received for shipment.
• Document of Title: Acts as legal proof of ownership of the goods.
• Contract of Carriage: Outlines terms and conditions of the transport agreement.

Key Information Contained

A bill of lading typically includes:

• Type and quantity of goods
• Condition of cargo
• Destination port
• Name of the consignee and shipper
• Details of freight carrier and vessel

Significance of the New Law

• Aligns India’s shipping documentation practices with international standards.
• Enhances legal clarity, supports digitalization, and improves efficiency in maritime trade.
• Aims to boost ease of doing business and support the growth of India’s logistics and shipping sector.

International Seabed Authority (ISA)

Despite several rounds of negotiations, member states of the ISA remain divided over finalizing regulations for deep-sea mining, raising concerns about marine environmental protection and equitable resource sharing.

Headquarters

• Kingston, Jamaica

About ISA

1. The International Seabed Authority is an autonomous international organization established:

• Under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
• And the 1994 Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of UNCLOS.

2. It functions as the custodian of mineral resources found in the international seabed area, also known as "the Area" (i.e., the seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction).

Mandate & Functions

• To organize, regulate, and control all mineral-resource-related activities in the Area for the benefit of all humanity.
• To ensure the effective protection of the marine environment from potentially harmful effects of exploration and exploitation of deep-sea minerals.

Membership

• Comprises 170 member states, including India.
• Membership is open to all states that are parties to UNCLOS.

Significance of ISA

• Plays a key role in promoting equitable access to seabed resources, especially for developing and landlocked countries.
• Ensures global governance of deep-sea mining amidst growing geopolitical and environmental concerns.

Meri Panchayat Application: Winner of WSIS Prizes 2025 Champion Award

The “Meri Panchayat” mobile application has been recognized globally, winning the prestigious World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Prizes 2025 – Champion Award for its role in strengthening digital rural governance.

Objective

• To serve as a mobile governance (m-Governance) platform for Panchayats in India.
• Aims to empower over 25 lakh elected representatives across 2.65 lakh Gram Panchayats, by enabling digital inclusion, transparency, and efficient local governance.

Implementing Agencies

Developed jointly by:

• Ministry of Panchayati Raj
• National Informatics Centre (NIC) (Under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology)

Key Features and Benefits

• Real-time access to Panchayat budgets
• Display of Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDPs)
• Localized weather forecasting at the Panchayat level
• Social audit tools and fund utilization tracking
• Geo-tagged and geo-fenced grievance redressal mechanism

Significance

• Enhances accountability and participatory democracy in rural areas.
• Strengthens data-driven planning, financial transparency, and climate resilience at the grassroots level.
• Demonstrates India's commitment to SDG 16 (Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure).

Bharat NCX 2025

Bharat NCX 2025 - a National Cybersecurity Exercise - has been formally inaugurated to enhance India’s preparedness against evolving cyber threats.

About the Exercise

• Full Name: National Cybersecurity Exercise (Bharat NCX 2025)
• Conducted by: National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS)
  In collaboration with Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU)

Objectives

• To strengthen national cyber resilience across critical sectors.
• To simulate real-world cyberattacks and enhance coordinated response capacity.
• To train officials in managing cyber incidents, threats, and mitigation strategies.

Key Features

• Live-Fire Cyber Simulations: Real-time, scenario-based attacks to test response systems.
• AI-Integrated Cyber Defence Training: Use of Artificial Intelligence for threat detection and decision-making exercises.
• Multi-sector Participation: Includes stakeholders from government, defence, finance, energy, and telecom sectors.

Significance

• Enhances cyber preparedness and situational awareness.
• Fosters collaborative cybersecurity culture between public and private sectors.
• Aligns with India’s National Cyber Security Strategy goals and global best practices.

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