23 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 23 October 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Global Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Report 2025

The World Health Organization (WHO) released its Global Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Report (2025), warning that antibiotic resistance is critically high and rising, especially in resource-limited regions.

Key Findings

• Global Resistance: In 2023, 1 in 6 bacterial infections worldwide was caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
• Regional Hotspots: Highest prevalence found in South-East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean, followed by Africa.
• Vulnerability: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) suffer disproportionately due to weaker health systems.
• India-Specific Data: About 41% of global bloodstream infection reports originated from China, India, and Pakistan combined.

About Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

• Definition: AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, or fungi evolve to survive drugs designed to kill them.
• Antibiotic Resistance: A subset of AMR-specifically when bacteria resist antibiotics.
• Impact: AMR “superbugs” directly cause over 1 million deaths annually and contribute to nearly 5 million deaths each year.

Drivers of AMR in India

• Overuse of Antibiotics: Unregulated, over-the-counter availability and self-medication.
• Poor Hygiene & Sanitation: Overcrowding and over-prescription in healthcare facilities.
• Agricultural Misuse: Use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry for growth promotion.
• Systemic Factors: Socio-economic disparities and climate change aggravate the problem.

Steps Taken

1. WHO:

• Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS)

2. India:

• National Action Plan on AMR (NAP-AMR), 2017
• Operation AMRITH (Kerala) to curb OTC antibiotic sales
• Ban on inappropriate Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs)

Significance

The report underscores an urgent global need for stronger antibiotic stewardship, infection control, and cross-sectoral coordination to prevent a post-antibiotic era where routine infections could become fatal.

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2025 Report Released

UNDP and Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative Release 2025 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index Report, Tracking Progress Since 2010.

Key Findings

1. Global Snapshot:

• Of 6.3 billion people across 109 countries, 1.1 billion (18.3%) live in acute multidimensional poverty.
• 43.6% experience severe poverty with deprivation in half or more MPI indicators.
• 83.2% of the poor reside in Sub-Saharan Africa (565 million) and South Asia (390 million).

2. India’s Progress:

• Multidimensional poverty declined from 55.1% (2005–06) to 16.4% (2019–21), lifting ~414 million people out of poverty.
• Common deprivations: Lack of clean cooking fuel, poor housing, and sanitation.

3. Climate & Poverty Nexus:

• Over 80% of the poor live in climate hazard-prone regions.
• South Asia has the highest number of poor exposed to climate risks.

4. Small Island Developing States (SIDS):

• 22 SIDS have a collective poverty rate of 23.5%, above the developing world average (18.3%).
• Sea-level rise (up to 70 cm by 2080–2099) threatens nations like Belize, Comoros, and Samoa.

About MPI Methodology

1. Dimensions:

• 3 - Health, Education, Living Standards

2. Indicators (10 total):

• Health: Nutrition, Child Mortality
• Education: Years of Schooling, School Attendance
• Living Standard: Access to clean energy, sanitation, drinking water, housing, cooking fuel, assets, and electricity.

Significance

The 2025 MPI underscores the dual challenge of poverty and climate vulnerability, highlighting the need for integrated strategies linking development, climate adaptation, and social protection.

Supreme Court Forms Committee for National Equal Opportunity Policy for Transgender Persons

SC in Jane Kaushik v. Union of India Case Highlights Gaps in 2019 Transgender Persons Act and Ongoing Discrimination Challenges

Supreme Court constituted a committee to draft a National Equal Opportunity Policy for transgender persons, emphasizing persistent gaps in the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 and real-world discrimination.

Key Issues Highlighted by the Supreme Court

• Accessibility of Benefits: Benefits under the 2019 Act are linked to possession of an ID card, making access cumbersome and leading to exclusion.
• Lack of Reasonable Accommodation: Difficulties in accessing educational institutions, Garima Greh shelter homes, and public spaces.
• Administrative Inefficiency: Most states have not established Transgender Protection Cells, despite legal mandates.
• Deep-rooted Societal Stigma: Persistent social bias, lack of awareness, and empathy towards gender diversity.
• Legal and Identity Issues: Requirement of gender certification by a District Magistrate (DM) undermines the constitutional right to self-identify.

Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 - Key Provisions

• Definition: A transgender person is one whose gender identity does not match the gender assigned at birth.
• Recognition of Identity: Right to self-perceived gender identity; Certificate of Identity issued by the DM confers legal rights.
• Prohibition of Discrimination: In education, employment, healthcare, housing, and public services.
• Government Measures: Welfare schemes to promote inclusion through vocational training, healthcare, and livelihood opportunities.
• Institutional Mechanism: Establishment of the National Council for Transgender Persons for policy coordination and oversight.

Other Welfare Measures

• NALSA Judgment (2014): Legally recognized transgender persons as the ‘third gender’ and upheld their fundamental rights.
• National Portal for Transgender Persons: Enables online application for certificates of identity and ID cards without physical interface.
• SMILE Scheme (Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise): Focuses on welfare, livelihood, and rehabilitation of transgender persons.

8th Session of Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs

Three Codex Standards Finalized at 8th CCSCH Session in India, Hosted by Kochi Secretariat

Key Highlights

• 8th Session of CCSCH finalized Codex standards for Vanilla, Large Cardamom, and Coriander.
• With this, 19 spices now have finalized Codex standards.
• CCSCH was established in 2013 at India’s initiative, and functions under Codex Alimentarius Commission.
• Secretariat: India’s Spices Board, under Ministry of Commerce and Industry, based in Kochi.

About Codex Standards

• Definition: Internationally recognized food standards, codes of practice, and guidelines designed to:
  - Protect consumer health, and
  - Ensure fair trade practices in food trade.
• The collection of these texts is known as the Codex Alimentarius (CA).
• Nature: Not legally binding; usually adopted by consensus among member countries.
• However, under the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement, Codex standards serve as the international benchmark for food safety.

About Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)

1. Established:

• 1963

2. By:

• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and WHO

3. Headquarters:

• Rome

4. Objective:

• Protect consumer health and ensure fairness in international food trade.

5. Members:

189 total

• 188 member countries (including India)
• 1 organization – European Union (EU)

6. Meetings:

• Held annually, alternating between Rome and Geneva.

About Vanilla

• Description: A high-value spice crop derived from the orchid family, used widely as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages.
• Origin: Native to the Atlantic coast of Mexico to Brazil.
• Major Producers: Madagascar, Indonesia, Mexico, etc.
• India: Grown mainly in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. India is a net importer of vanilla.

Ideal Growing Conditions

• Altitude: Up to 1000 meters above sea level.
• Climate: Warm, humid tropical; temperature 21–32°C, humidity around 80%.
• Rainfall: Well-distributed 2000–2500 mm annually, with a 2-month dry period.
• Soil: Light, porous and friable soils with partial shade.

India’s Gold Reserves Cross $100 Billion Mark for the First Time

RBI Reports Gold Reserves at $102.3 Billion, Raising Share in Forex Reserves to Nearly 15%.

Key Facts

• India’s gold reserves have reached $102.3 billion, crossing the $100 billion mark for the first time.
• Gold now forms nearly 15% of India’s total foreign exchange reserves, up from 7% a decade ago.

Why is RBI Increasing its Gold Reserves?

1. Diversification:

• Reduces dependency on the US dollar and other major currencies.
• Supports the global de-dollarization trend.

2. Risk Mitigation:

• Gold acts as a hedge against currency volatility and protects the real value of forex assets.

3. Inflation Hedge:

• Helps preserve purchasing power during inflationary periods.

4. Safe-Haven Asset:

• Provides security during financial or geopolitical crises, as gold prices typically remain stable or rise.

Risks of Increasing Gold Share in Forex Reserves

• Reduced Liquidity: Converting gold into cash is slow and costly.
• Zero Yield: Gold earns no interest, unlike bonds or deposits.
• High Storage Costs: Requires secure vaulting and insurance, adding to expenses.

Components of India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves

1. Foreign Currency Assets (FCA):

• Maintained in major global currencies like USD, EUR, GBP, AUD, and JPY.

2. Gold Reserves:

• Physical gold held by the RBI (in India and abroad).

3. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs):

• Interest-bearing reserve asset created by the IMF to supplement members’ reserves.

4. Reserve Tranche Position (RTP):

• The difference between India’s IMF quota and the IMF’s holdings of India’s currency.
• This portion is readily withdrawable by India without stringent conditions.

IEA Report on Sustainable Fuels - “Delivering Sustainable Fuels: Pathways to 2035”

Released by: International Energy Agency (IEA)

Focus: Role of sustainable fuels in reducing fossil fuel dependence and complementing global electrification efforts.

What are Sustainable Fuels?

Sustainable fuels are low-carbon energy sources derived from renewable or waste materials. They include:

• Biofuels (e.g. ethanol, biodiesel)
• Biogases (from agricultural or municipal waste)
• Low-emissions hydrogen
• Hydrogen-based fuels (e.g. ammonia, e-fuels)

Key Findings

• Fourfold Increase by 2035: Global use of sustainable fuels could rise 4 times by 2035.
• Oil Demand Impact: These fuels have already reduced global oil demand by ~2.5 million barrels/day (2024).
• Complement to Electrification: Particularly crucial in aviation, shipping, and heavy transport, where direct electrification is challenging.

IEA’s Six Priority Actions for Transition

• Region-Specific Roadmaps & Policies: Tailored strategies for local resources and needs.
• Increase Demand Predictabilit: Create stable markets to attract private investment.
• Transparent Carbon Accounting: Develop credible lifecycle emission measurement systems.
• Support Innovation: Encourage R&D to make sustainable fuels cost-competitive.
• Integrated Supply Chains: Develop infrastructure for production, storage, and distribution.
• Expand Access to Finance: Mobilize public–private capital for large-scale deployment.

Significance

• Aligns with Net Zero 2050 goals.
• Reduces energy insecurity and oil import dependence.
• Promotes green industrial transitions globally.

Rotavirus Vaccine (Rotavac)

A new study confirmed that the indigenous rotavirus vaccine ‘Rotavac’ has effectiveness similar to its clinical trial efficacy, validating its real-world performance.

About Rotavac

1. Type:

• Oral, live attenuated, monovalent liquid vaccine.

2. Developed by:

• Bharat Biotech (India)
• In collaboration with Department of Biotechnology (DBT),
  U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other partners.

3. Public–Private Partnership:

• A model example of ‘Make in India’ success in vaccine innovation.

4. Purpose:

• To protect infants from rotavirus gastroenteritis, a major cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in children.

5. Administration:

• Given orally in three doses at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age under India’s Universal Immunization Programme (UIP).

About Rotavirus

• Pathogen Type: Virus (Reoviridae family).
• Transmission: Feco-oral route.
• Symptoms: Severe diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, and fever, especially in infants and young children.
• Treatment: No specific antiviral drug - prevention via vaccination is most effective.
• Global Burden: One of the leading causes of childhood diarrhoeal mortality worldwide.

Bathou Religion (Bathouism)

The Bathou religion, followed by the Bodo community of Assam, will now get a separate code in the upcoming Census, recognizing it officially.

About Bathouism

1. Community:

• Indigenous Bodo people of Assam and North Bengal.

2. Meaning:

Bathou = “Five Principles”, reflecting the five elements of nature:

• Ha – Earth
• Dwi – Water
• Or – Fire
• Bar – Air
• Okhrang – Sky

3. Core Belief:

• Respect for nature and maintaining ecological balance.

4. Deity:

• Bathou Bwrai (also called Sibwrai, Siu Bwrai, Jiu Bwrai, Nuathari).

5. Symbol:

• Sijou plant, used in worship and rituals.

ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution)

FSSAI has banned beverages from using the term “ORS” unless they strictly follow WHO standards under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.

About ORS

1. Purpose:

• Treat dehydration caused by severe diarrhoea, heat stroke, or other illnesses.

2. Composition (WHO/UNICEF standard per litre of water):

• Sodium chloride: 2.6 g
• Glucose, anhydrous: 13.5 g
• Potassium chloride: 1.5 g
• Trisodium citrate dihydrate: 2.9 g

3. History:

• First developed in 1971 by Dilip Mahalanabis, an Indian public health specialist.

‘We Rise’ Initiative

Full Form: Women Entrepreneurs Reimagining Inclusive and Sustainable Enterprises

Launched by

• NITI Aayog’s Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) under Award to Reward (ATR) initiative
• In collaboration with DP World

Objective

1. Support women entrepreneurs and women-led MSMEs

2. Help them scale businesses globally through:

• Trade facilitation
• Mentorship
• Strategic partnerships

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

80 years of partnership with India on World Food Day 2025

Overview

• Founded: 1945
• Type: Specialized agency of the United Nations
• Headquarters: Rome, Italy
• Mission: Lead international efforts to defeat hunger and ensure food security
• Membership: 195 members (194 countries + European Union)

Flagship Publications

• The State of the World's Forests – Global forest status & trends
• The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World – Hunger and nutrition updates
• The State of Food and Agriculture – Agriculture, food systems, and policy insights

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