24 December 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Internationalization of Higher Education in India

NITI Aayog Releases Report on Internationalizing Higher Education as Key Pillar of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Objectives of Internationalization

1. Enhanced Global Engagement

• Increase ratio of international students and faculty in Indian HEIs.
• Encourage foreign campuses of top global institutions in India.
• Promote Indian HEIs’ expansion overseas.

2. Addressing Key Challenges

• Outward remittances: USD 3.4 billion spent on studying abroad in 2023–24 (~53% of India’s higher education budget).
• Quality democratization: Enable 97% of Indian students to access world-class education domestically.
• Global readiness: Align curricula, faculty exchanges, and learning standards with global benchmarks.
• Other: Reduce brain drain, leverage diaspora, improve global rankings, and project soft power.

Policy Recommendations by NITI Aayog

1. Governance

• Create an Inter-Ministerial Task Force.
• Designate Country Centres of Excellence (CoEs) in 54 Central Universities as nodal points for international engagement.

2. Regulation

• Revise NIRF ranking criteria to include internationalization metrics.
• Simplify visa and documentation processes for foreign students and faculty.

3. Finance

• Bharat Vidya Kosh: $10 billion sovereign research fund.
• Vishwa Bandhu Scholarship: Attract global researchers and master’s students.

4. Branding & Outreach

• Launch Bharat ki AAN (Alumni Ambassador Network) to engage Indian-origin alumni globally.
• Revamp “Study in India” portal into a one-stop digital solution for international students.

5. Curriculum & Culture

• Integrate Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) with global academic standards.
• Mandate industry-relevant internships and reflective writing modules in degree programs.

Significance

• Promotes world-ready workforce and enhances India’s global competitiveness.
• Reduces outward student migration and associated financial outflows.
• Strengthens India’s soft power and international academic brand.
• Supports NEP 2020 goals of quality, inclusion, and global integration.

Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI)

Financial Fraud Risk Indicator Prevents ₹660 Crore in Cyber Fraud Losses, Strengthening Digital Financial Security.

About FRI

• Introduced by: Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
• Purpose: To combat cyber fraud and financial crimes via early risk detection.
• Nature: Multi-dimensional risk assessment tool for mobile numbers potentially involved in financial fraud.
• Mechanism: Classifies mobile numbers into Medium, High, Very High risk categories using inputs from Banks, Telecom service providers, Law enforcement agencies, Citizen reports
• Utility: Helps banks and financial institutions generate early alerts, apply enhanced due diligence, and prevent fraudulent transactions.

Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP)

• Role: Secure, real-time data-sharing platform connecting telecom operators, banks, fintech firms, and government agencies.
• Coverage: Over 1000 organizations, including central security agencies, 36 State/UT police forces, banks, fintechs, and social media platforms (e.g., WhatsApp).
• Purpose: Enables faster intelligence exchange to detect and disrupt misuse of telecom identifiers.

Other Key Initiatives Against Cyber Fraud

1. Legal Initiatives: Information Technology Act, 2000

2. Institutional Initiatives:

• Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): Central platform under MHA for coordination, investigation, and capacity building.
  - Launched Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System.
• Sanchar Sarthi Initiative: Empowers mobile subscribers to report suspected fraud via features like Chakshu.
• Samanvaya Platform: Provides analytics-based interstate linkages of criminals and cybercrimes.

Significance

• Provides a proactive, analytical approach to prevent cyber fraud.
• Enhances collaboration between banks, telecoms, and law enforcement.
• Reduces potential financial losses at national scale (₹660 Crore prevented).
• Strengthens cyber resilience of India’s digital financial ecosystem.

30th Anniversary of PESA Act (1996)

India marks 30 Years of PESA [Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996] Act extending Panchayati Raj to Tribal Fifth Schedule Areas (Article 244).
 

Salient Features of PESA Act

1. Gram Sabha Empowerment:

• Mandatory consent of Gram Sabha for local resource management, including land acquisition, development projects, minor forest produce, and minor minerals.

2. Powers of Gram Sabha & Panchayats:

• Prohibit or regulate sale/consumption of intoxicants
• Land protection and alienation control
• Village market management
• Money-lending control

3. Preservation of Culture:

• Recognizes and protects traditional governance systems, customary laws, and cultural identity of tribal communities.

4. Legal Supremacy:

• PESA overrides standard constitutional rules and state legislature laws.

Challenges

Under-realized framework due to:

• No mandatory timeline for rule-making
• Bureaucratic dominance over Gram Sabhas
• Lack of devolution of funds, functions, and functionaries

Recent Initiatives to Strengthen PESA

1. PESA-GPDP Portal (Sept 2024):

• Facilitates planning, monitoring, and resource allocation at the Gram Panchayat level.

2. Institutional Support:

• Dedicated PESA Cell under Ministry of Panchayati Raj
• Centres of Excellence in central universities (e.g., Indira Gandhi National Tribal University) for capacity-building.

3. Linguistic Outreach:

• Training manuals translated into regional languages (Telugu, Marathi) and tribal languages (Santhali, Gondi, Bhili, Mundari).

Significance

• Empowers tribal communities with self-governance and resource control
• Protects cultural identity and customary law
• Encourages participatory democracy in tribal areas

India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement

India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement Emerges as One of India’s Fastest-Concluded Trade Deals.

About FTA

• Bilateral agreement regulating trade in goods and services, investment protections, and intellectual property rights.
• Aims to enhance economic cooperation, market access, and competitiveness.

Key Features

1. Zero-Duty Market Access

• 100% of Indian exports to New Zealand exempt from customs duties.
• Enhances India’s global trade competitiveness.

2. Healthcare & Traditional Medicine Cooperation

• First-ever annex on health and traditional medicine services.
• Opens opportunities for India’s AYUSH and wellness sectors.

3. Agricultural Value Chain Integration

• Agricultural Productivity Partnership to improve farm efficiency.
• Integrates Indian farmers into global supply chains.

4. Skilled Mobility

• Temporary employment entry visas for up to 5,000 professionals.
• Covers IT, engineering, and other priority sectors.

5. Investment Commitments

• New Zealand pledges USD 20 billion investment over 15 years.

Why FTAs Matter for India

• Export Diversification: Reduces reliance on traditional markets like the USA.
• MSME Integration: Connects small enterprises to global value chains, boosting exports, employment.
• Competitiveness: Zero/low tariffs help Indian goods compete effectively.
• Strategic & Geopolitical Gains: Strengthens India’s economic diplomacy and global influence.
• Support for Export-Led Growth: Promotes long-term economic expansion.

United Nations Convention on Negotiable Cargo Documents (Accra Convention), 2025

UN adopts Accra Convention 2025 to Standardize Negotiable Cargo Documents and Facilitate Global Trade.

Key Concepts

1. Negotiable Cargo Documents (NCDs):

• Represent goods in transit (physical or digital).
• Confer rights over goods to the holder, which are transferable.
• Have the same legal effect as physical delivery of goods.

2. Scope of Accra Convention:

• Extends benefits of negotiable documents beyond maritime transport to multimodal transport (ship, train, truck, plane).
• Cargo can be Sold mid-journey, Rerouted during transit, Used as collateral for trade financing

Significance

• Trade Facilitation: Simplifies global transactions by enabling secure transfer of goods and ownership while in transit.
• Digitalization of Trade: Supports electronic NCDs, reducing reliance on physical paperwork.
• Trade Finance Boost: Enables banks and financial institutions to extend financing against NCDs.
• Legal Certainty: Harmonizes legal recognition of NCDs across countries, reducing disputes and delays.

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