24 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 24 November 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Centre Enforces Four New Labour Codes, Merging 29 Existing Laws

The Central Government has officially implemented the four consolidated Labour Codes, replacing 29 fragmented labour legislations.
The reform aims to simplify compliance, modernize labour governance, improve ease of doing business, while ensuring stronger welfare and protection for workers.

Overview of the Four Labour Codes

1. Code on Wages, 2019:

a. Laws Merged

• Payment of Wages Act, 1936
• Minimum Wages Act, 1948
• Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
• Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

b. Key Provisions

• Universal Minimum Wage: Guarantees minimum wages for all employees, across organised and unorganised sectors.
• Gender Equality: Prohibits discrimination in recruitment or wages based on gender, including transgender persons.
• Timely and Full Payment: Ensures prompt wage payments and restricts unauthorised deductions for all categories of employees.

2. Industrial Relations Code, 2020:

a. Acts Subsumed

• Trade Unions Act, 1926
• Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
• Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

b. Key Provisions

• Fixed Term Employment (FTE):
  - Employers can hire workers for fixed periods with parity in wages and benefits with permanent workers.
  - Eligibility for gratuity after one year of service.
• Higher Threshold for Lay-off/Retrenchment/Closure:
  - Prior government approval required only for establishments with 300+ workers (previous limit: 100).
  - States may increase this threshold further.
• Expanded Definition of Worker: Includes sales promotion staff, journalists, and supervisory personnel earning up to ₹18,000 per month.

3. Code on Social Security, 2020:

Acts Subsumed (9 laws)

a. Includes:

• Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923
• Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
• Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
• Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008, etc.

b. Key Provisions:

• Universal Social Security: Covers all categories of workers, including gig workers, platform workers, and self-employed workers.
• Expanded ESIC Coverage: ESIC scheme becomes nationwide, replacing the earlier system of notified geographic areas.

4. Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSHWC) Code, 2020:

Acts Subsumed (13 laws)

a. Includes:

• Factories Act, 1948
• Plantation Labour Act, 1951
• Mines Act, 1952, and more.

b. Key Provisions:

• Mandatory Annual Health Check-up: Free health examination for every worker above 40 years of age.
• Hazardous Occupation Coverage: Government empowered to apply the Code’s provisions to any hazardous unit, even those with a single employee.

Significance of the Reform

• Streamlined Compliance: Reduced paperwork and unified regulatory framework.
• Labour Welfare: Broader social security, health benefits, gender equity.
• Ease of Doing Business: Predictable and simplified systems for employers.
• Modernised Labour Governance: Reflects workforce needs in a gig-economy-driven labour market.

UN Women Report: 44% of Women and Girls Lack Legal Protection Against Digital Violence

UN Women has highlighted that nearly half of the world’s women and girls-44%-do not have legal safeguards against digital violence.
The report warns that technology-facilitated abuse is rising rapidly, driven by AI, anonymity, and outdated legal frameworks.

Technology-Facilitated Violence Against Women and Girls (TF-VAWG)

Key Statistics

• Prevalence: Affects 16–58% women globally.
• Most common form: Online misinformation and defamation (67%).
• Women journalists at risk: 73% report experiencing online attacks.

What is Digital Violence Against Women?

• Digital violence includes AI-generated or technology-enabled acts that cause: Physical, Sexual, Psychological, Social, Political, Economic harm or otherwise violate women’s fundamental rights and freedoms.
• This includes harassment, deepfakes, doxing, impersonation, blackmail, and prolonged online abuse.

Factors Worsening Digital Violence

1. Rise of Anti-Rights and Misogynistic Actors:

• Coordinated online harassment, threats, and targeted hate campaigns.
• Cyberbullying used to silence women, activists, and public figures.

2. Rapid Expansion of AI Technologies:

• AI tools amplify disinformation, targeted attacks, and image-based abuse.
• Deepfake epidemic: 90–95% of deepfakes are non-consensual sexual content; ~90% involve women.
• New AI-driven threats: AI-based impersonation, Sextortion and blackmail, Sophisticated doxing and tracking

3. Growth of the “Manosphere”:

• Online ecosystem promoting misogyny and anti-women narratives.
• Influences public attitudes and fuels gender-based violence offline and online.

4. Legal and Regulatory Gaps:

• Existing frameworks struggle to regulate fast-evolving generative AI: UK’s Online Safety Act, Mexico’s Ley Olimpia, EU’s Digital Safety Act
• However, none fully address risks posed by AI-driven abuse.

Way Forward

1. Strengthening Global Digital Governance:

• International standards ensuring AI and digital platforms uphold safety, transparency, and accountability.

2. Support Systems for Survivors:

• Increased funding for women’s rights organisations and digital safety helplines.
• Legal and psychological support mechanisms.

3. Prevention Through Awareness and Culture Change:

• Digital literacy programmes for women and girls.
• Initiatives to dismantle misogynistic online cultures.
• Training for responsible and safe tech usage.

4. Technology for Positive Change:

• Encouraging protective tech innovations.
• Example: French firm Bodyguard.AI - an AI tool that automatically filters abusive content.

Ultra-Processed Foods (UPF) Driving Global Rise in Obesity & Diabetes: Lancet Report

A 2025 Lancet report warns that rapidly increasing consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs) is causing a surge in obesity, diabetes, and chronic diseases worldwide.
India has seen a 40-fold rise in UPF consumption (2006–2019), contributing to the doubling of obesity rates.

Key Findings (Global + India)

1. UPF consumption globally is strongly linked with:

• Rising obesity
• Type-2 diabetes
• Metabolic disorders
• Cardiovascular diseases

2. India-specific findings:

• 40x rise in UPF consumption (2006–2019).
• Obesity nearly doubled in men and women in the same period.

What Are Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs)?

1. UPFs are industrially formulated, containing multiple ingredients with:

• High fat, salt, sugar
• Chemical additives: Emulsifiers, Preservatives and Artificial colours & flavours

2. Examples:

• Instant noodles, biscuits, chips, frozen snacks, packaged desserts, sugary beverages.

3. Health Impacts:

• Hypertension
• Obesity & metabolic syndrome
• Fatty liver disease
• Kidney disorders
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Early onset diabetes

Why Is UPF Consumption Rising?

• Aggressive Marketing: Heavy advertising and social-media targeting, especially youth and children.
• High Profitability: UPFs are cheap to produce + engineered to be hyper-palatable, leading to repeated consumption.
• Weak Regulation: Loose norms on labelling, claims, advertising, and sale around schools.
• Lifestyle Shifts: Urbanisation → time-poor consumers → demand for ready-to-eat, cheap food.

Indian Initiatives to Curb UPF Consumption

• Eat Right India (FSSAI): Promotes safe, nutritious, and sustainable foods.
• Trans Fat Limits: FSSAI caps trans fats at 2% of total oils/fats in all foods.
• GST on Sugary/Aerated Drinks: 40% GST to discourage high-sugar beverages.
• Dietary Guidelines 2024 (ICMR): Promote whole foods; reduce UPFs; highlight health risks.

Policy Recommendations from Lancet & Experts

1. Increase Taxes on UPFs:

• Similar to tobacco/sin taxes
• Revenue can subsidise fruits, vegetables, millets.

2. Strong Regulation of Corporate Practices:

• End voluntary (self-written) guidelines.
• Enforce mandatory rules on content, claims, ads, packaging.

3. Front-of-Pack Warning Labels (FoPL):

• Clear red warnings for high salt, high sugar, high fat.

4. Restrict UPFs in Public Institutions:

Ban/limit sale in:

• Schools
• Hospitals
• Childcare centres
• Government offices

UAE Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP)

Why in News

The COP30 Presidency has released the draft framework of the UAE Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP) under the Paris Agreement, outlining global strategies for equitable and inclusive climate action.

About the UAE JTWP

What is JTWP?

1. A formal UNFCCC work programme dedicated to ensuring a just, inclusive and equitable transition toward low-carbon and climate-resilient pathways.

2. Aims to support countries in:

• Promoting climate-resilient development
• Reducing inequalities
• Creating decent and sustainable jobs
• Ensuring that no community or sector is left behind in the transition.

Background & Evolution

1. COP27 (2022):

• Parties agreed to establish a dedicated work programme on just transition reflecting national circumstances and development priorities.

2. COP28 (2023):

• The programme was operationalized and titled the United Arab Emirates Just Transition Work Programme (UAE JTWP).
• Provided a structured global approach for integrating social and economic dimensions into climate action.

Key Features of the UAE JTWP

1. Annual Dialogue Structure:

• Two annual technical dialogues bringing together experts, policymakers and stakeholders.
• One annual ministerial meeting focusing on political guidance and enhancing ambition.

2. Focus Areas:

• Ensuring equitable climate transitions across sectors.
• Supporting workforce transformation, reskilling and livelihood protection.
• Encouraging inclusive policies involving workers, Indigenous groups, women, local communities and vulnerable populations.
• Integrating social equity and economic justice into national climate plans.

3. Alignment with Paris Agreement:

• Supports Article-related commitments on climate resilience and sustainable development.
• Contributes to global efforts in meeting the 1.5°C pathway without compromising social justice.

National Framework on Traceability in Fisheries and Aquaculture 2025

India has launched the National Framework on Traceability in Fisheries and Aquaculture 2025 to modernize and digitalize the fisheries sector, ensuring food safety, sustainability, and global market access.

About the Framework

Parent Scheme

• Developed under Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY).
• PM-MKSSY is a Central Sector Sub-scheme under Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
• Aim: Formalization of the fisheries sector and supporting fisheries micro and small enterprises.

Objective

• To establish a national digital traceability system for seafood and aquaculture products.
• Enhance: Food safety, Sustainability, Global market access for Indian seafood products.

Key Features

• Unified Traceability: Integrates fragmented traceability practices across the fisheries sector.
• Digital Tools: Adoption of blockchain, IoT, QR codes, GPS for tracking.
• End-to-End Tracking: Real-time monitoring from Farm to Plate & Catch to Consumer
• Global Standards: Ensures Indian seafood meets international compliance standards, facilitating exports.

Mount Semeru – Indonesia

Mount Semeru, Indonesia’s most active volcano, erupted recently, triggering ash plumes and potential lava flows.

About Mount Semeru

1. Location:

• Situated in East Java Island, Indonesia.
• Lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire, the world’s most tectonically active zone.

2. Key Features:

• Highest volcano on Java island.
• Type: Stratovolcano (composite cone made of layers of lava, ash, and pyroclastic material).
• Highly active with frequent eruptions.

3. Tectonic Setting:

• Indonesia lies at the convergence of: Indo-Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Pacific Plate
  This makes it one of the world’s most volcanically active regions.

Other Recent Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia

• Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki (East Nusa Tenggara)
• Mount Merapi (Central Java)
• Several others including Krakatoa and Sinabung have shown activity in recent years.

UPI–TIPS Interlinkage

The RBI announced an upcoming interlinkage between India’s UPI and the EU’s TIPS (TARGET Instant Payment Settlement) to boost cross-border, real-time remittances between India and the Euro Area.

What is UPI–TIPS Interlinkage?

1. About TIPS:

• TIPS = TARGET Instant Payment Settlement
• Operated by the Eurosystem (European Central Bank + Euro Area national central banks).
• Provides instant, 24×7 settlement for Euro-denominated payments.

2. Interlinkage Concept:

• Connects UPI (India’s flagship retail instant payments system) with TIPS.
• Enables individuals and businesses in India and the Euro Area to send and receive instant cross-border payments.

3. Benefits:

• Faster & Cheaper Remittances: Real-time settlements reduce time and cost.
• High Transparency: Users see real-time settlement and charges.
• Financial Inclusion: Easier payments for students, tourists, workers, and SME trade.
• Encourages digital payments interoperability between India and Europe.

4. G20 Alignment:

• Supports the G20 Roadmap for Enhancing Cross-Border Payments, which aims to make global payments: Cheaper, Faster, More transparent, More accessible

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