24 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 24 September 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

Supreme Court Suggests Decriminalising Defamation

Why in News

During a recent hearing, the Supreme Court of India observed that it may be time to decriminalise defamation, highlighting concerns about freedom of speech, press, and public discourse.

Understanding Defamation

1. Definition:

• Defamation refers to the act of communicating false information—spoken, written, or published—that harms the reputation of an individual, group, or their immediate relatives.

2. Types:

• Libel: Written words, images, or published content.
• Slander: Spoken statements or verbal communication.

Legal Provisions in India

• Defamation can be addressed as either a criminal offence or a civil offence.
• Current Law: Section 356 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita criminalises defamation, replacing Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

Reasons to Decriminalise Defamation

• Freedom of Speech: Criminal defamation may restrict Article 19(1)(a) rights, as fear of prosecution can deter public expression.
• Silencing Dissent: Can be misused by private individuals to intimidate critics.
• Press Freedom: Poses a potential threat to journalistic independence.

Relevant Recommendations and Judgements

• Law Commission (285th Report): Stated that while reputation is vital under Article 21, it should not unduly restrict free expression or harm public discourse.
• Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India (2016): SC upheld criminal defamation, balancing freedom of speech with the right to reputation.
• State of Gujarat v. High Court of Gujarat (1998): Recognized that some personal harms, like loss of honor or life, cannot be fully compensated.

Significance: Decriminalising defamation could strengthen democratic debate, protect freedom of expression, and ensure that the law is not misused to suppress dissent or critical journalism.

Government Approves 25 Lakh Additional LPG Connections under PM Ujjwala Yojana

Why in News

The Union Government has approved 25 lakh additional LPG connections under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), raising the total number of connections to 10.58 crore, expanding energy access for rural and marginalized households.

About Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)

1. Administrative Details:

• Ministry: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG)
• Type: Central Sector Scheme
• Launch Year: 2016

2. Objectives:

• Provide deposit-free LPG connections to rural poor households.
• Ensure clean cooking fuel access, reducing health risks from traditional cooking methods.

3. Evolution of the Scheme:

• PMUY 1.0 (2016): Targeted 8 crore LPG connections for rural poor.
• PMUY 2.0 (2021): Additional 1.6 crore connections, including special provisions for migrant households.
• Current Expansion:
  - 25 lakh connections approved for FY 2025-26.
  - Cumulative target reaches 10.58 crore LPG connections.

4. Implementation:

• Agencies: MoPNG, in collaboration with Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) and state governments.

5. Eligibility Criteria:

• Adult woman (≥18 years) from BPL households without an existing LPG connection.
• Exclusions:
  - Households already having LPG connections from any OMC.
  - Households without an adult female member.

6. Benefits:

• Cash Assistance:
  - Rs. 1,600 for 14.2 kg cylinder connection
  - Rs. 1,150 for 5 kg cylinder connection (Covers cylinder, pressure regulator, hose, consumer card, and installation charges)
• Free First Refill & Stove: Includes hot plate and deposit-free connection.
• Targeted Subsidy: Rs. 300 per 14.2 kg cylinder for up to 12 refills annually.

Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger Withdraw from International Criminal Court

Why in News

Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger recently announced their withdrawal from the International Criminal Court (ICC), accusing the Court of functioning as “a tool of neo-colonial repression controlled by imperialist powers.”

About the International Criminal Court (ICC)

1. Overview:

• Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands
• Founded: By the Rome Statute, adopted in 1998 and entered into force in 2002
• Nature: First permanent international criminal court with jurisdiction over individuals, not states or groups

2. Jurisdiction and Crimes:

Investigates, prosecutes, and tries individuals accused of:

• Genocide
• Crimes against humanity
• War crimes
• Crime of aggression

3. Membership and Funding:

• Members: 125 countries
• Non-members: India, Israel, the US, Russia, China
• Funding: Primarily by member states
• Enforcement: Decisions are binding, but ICC relies on member states for arrests and cooperation

Issues and Criticisms of ICC

• Perceived Bias: Accused of favoring Western interests.
• Neo-colonial Allegations: Seen as a mechanism through which powerful nations influence developing countries.
• Lack of Universal Jurisdiction: Non-member powerful nations limit the Court’s effectiveness.
• Temporal Limitation: Only addresses crimes committed after July 1, 2002.
• Political Resistance: Example—France refused to enforce an ICC warrant against the Israeli Prime Minister, citing head-of-state immunity.
• Enforcement Limitations: Lacks its own police force; relies on member states for compliance.

Significance: The withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger raises questions about the global credibility, neutrality, and enforcement capacity of the ICC, highlighting tensions between international justice mechanisms and national sovereignty.

Government Extends Ban on NSCN (K) for Five More Years

Why in News

The Union Government has extended the ban on the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN (K)) for five more years under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, citing the group’s continued involvement in activities prejudicial to India’s sovereignty and integrity.

About NSCN (K)

Activities: Insurgency, extortion, and maintaining links with other militant groups in Nagaland and parts of the North-East.

Root Causes of Insurgency in North-East India

• Political Alienation: Historical neglect and limited representation post-independence have fueled marginalization.
• Ethnic and Cultural Aspirations: Tribal groups seeking autonomy and recognition of distinct identities.
• Development Deficit: Economic underdevelopment, poor infrastructure, and high unemployment contribute to unrest.
• Geopolitical Factors: Challenging terrain and porous borders with Myanmar and Bangladesh facilitate movement of insurgents, arms, and contraband.

Government Measures to Address Insurgency

• Peace and Dialogue: Engaging militant groups through accords, e.g., Mizo Peace Accord (1986), Bodo Peace Accord (2020).
• Inter-State Boundary Agreements: Resolved disputes like Assam-Arunachal Pradesh (2023) and Assam-Meghalaya (2022).
• Constitutional Provisions: Special arrangements under 5th & 6th Schedules, and Article 371(A) providing special status to Nagaland.
• Developmental Initiatives: Schemes such as PM-DevINE and increased funding through the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER).

Production Gap Report 2025

Why in News

The Production Gap Report 2025, jointly released by the Stockholm Environment Institute, Climate Analytics, and International Institute for Sustainable Development, warns of a significant misalignment between planned fossil fuel production and global climate goals.

Key Highlights of the Report

1. Fossil Fuel Overproduction:

By 2030, planned global fossil fuel production is projected to exceed levels compatible with:

• 1.5°C warming limit: by over 120%
• 2°C warming limit: by 77%

2. Coal Dominance in Misalignment:

• Coal production is the most misaligned, with projected 2030 output 500% higher than what is consistent with the 1.5°C pathway.

3. Subsidies and Policy Concerns:

• Government fossil fuel subsidies remain near record highs, despite previous international commitments to reduce them.

Explosion in Tirah Valley, Pakistan Kills Over 20

Why in News

An explosion in Tirah Valley, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, resulted in the death of more than 20 people, highlighting ongoing security challenges in the region.

About Tirah Valley

1. Location and Geography:

• Mountainous tract in west-central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
• Lies on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, between the Khyber Pass and Khanki Valley.
• Khyber Pass connects Kabul with Peshawar, serving as a historically strategic corridor.

2. Inhabitants:

• Predominantly Afrīdī and Ōrakzay Pashtun tribes.

3. Historical Significance:

• Tirah Campaign (1897–98): Afrīdī tribes staged a jihad against British forces, capturing Khyber posts and attacking forts near Peshawar.

ISRO Unveils AI-Powered Vyommitra Robot for Upcoming Gaganyaan Mission

Why in News

ISRO Chief V. Narayanan revealed Vyommitra, an AI-enabled humanoid robot, which will accompany the uncrewed Gaganyaan mission scheduled for December 2025, marking a significant step in India’s human spaceflight program.

About Vyommitra

1. Development and Features:

• Developed by: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
• Type: AI-powered half-humanoid robot
• Name Meaning: Derived from Sanskrit: “Vyoma” (Space) + “Mitra” (Friend)

2. Capabilities:

• Module Monitoring: Tracks spacecraft parameters and issues alerts.
• Life Support Operations: Can manage onboard systems related to crew safety and survival.
• Operational Tasks: Operates six panels and responds to astronaut or mission queries.

ICAR Launches Maitri 2.0 Cross-Incubation Programme with Brazil

Why in News

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) inaugurated the second edition of the India-Brazil Cross-Incubation Programme in Agritech, known as Maitri 2.0, aimed at strengthening bilateral collaboration in agricultural innovation.

About Maitri 2.0

1. Background:

• Follow-up to Maitri 1.0, this initiative builds on previous collaboration between Indian and Brazilian startups and innovators in the agritech sector.

2. Objectives:

• Enhance resilient food systems through sustainable agriculture practices, adoption of digital technologies, and value-chain development.
• Facilitate co-incubation and cross-border startup exchanges, promoting innovation and knowledge sharing between the two countries.

Venezuela Conducts Military Exercises on La Orchila Islands

Why in News

Venezuela has commenced military exercises on La Orchila Islands amid rising tensions linked to increased US military activity in the Caribbean region.

About La Orchila Islands

• Location: Situated off the coast of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea, part of the Atlantic Ocean.
• Strategic Significance: Hosts a Venezuelan military base, enabling the country to project defense capabilities in the Caribbean and safeguard territorial waters.

PM Lays Foundation for Hydroelectric Projects on Siyom River, Arunachal Pradesh

Why in News

The Prime Minister recently laid the foundation for two hydroelectric projects-Heo and Tato-I-on the Siyom River in Arunachal Pradesh, near the India-China border, marking a step forward in regional energy infrastructure development.

About Siyom River

• Originates in the eastern Himalayas.
• Flows predominantly from west to east before merging with the Siang River (the local name for the Brahmaputra River in Arunachal Pradesh).

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