25 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Visit of India’s External Affairs Minister to Russia 

Why in News

India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM) recently visited Russia, where he co-chaired the 26th Session of the India–Russia Inter-Governmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC). 

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Key Highlights of the Visit

1. Economic Cooperation 

• Discussions on early conclusion of the India–Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Free Trade Agreement. 
• Finalization of the Programme of Economic Cooperation till 2030 to strengthen trade relations. 
• Revised bilateral trade target of USD 100 billion by 2030. 

2. Regional and Global Issues 

• India reiterated its stance on dialogue and diplomacy as the pathway for resolving conflicts in Ukraine, West Asia, and Afghanistan. 
• Both sides emphasized the need for inclusive reform of global governance institutions, including the UN Security Council (UNSC). 

3. Connectivity and Logistics 

Focus on enhancing connectivity through key projects: 

• International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC). 
• Chennai–Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor. 
• Northern Sea Route for energy and trade cooperation. 

4. Multilateral Cooperation 

• Strengthening engagements in G20, BRICS, and SCO. 
• Shared commitment to building a multipolar global order. 

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India–Russia Relations: An Overview

1. Strategic Framework

• Relations are termed a “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”, covering diverse areas of cooperation. 

2. Institutional Mechanisms 

• Annual Summit between the Indian PM and Russian President. 
• 2+2 Dialogue involving Foreign and Defence Ministers of both countries. 

3. Economic & Trade Relations 

• Bilateral trade touched USD 65.7 billion in FY 2023–24, surpassing the earlier USD 30 billion target for 2025. 

4. Defence and Security Cooperation 

• Major collaborations include supply of S-400 air defence systems, BrahMos missiles, and INDRA joint military exercises. 

5. Science, Technology & Space 

• Collaboration on projects like Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant and Gaganyaan Space Mission. 

6. Support at International Platforms 

• Russia consistently backs India’s bid for a permanent seat at the UNSC. 

 

Supreme Court’s Modified Guidelines on Stray Dog Management 

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has recently issued revised directions concerning the management of stray dogs in India, addressing public safety concerns while balancing animal welfare. The matter has also been expanded to frame a comprehensive national policy, consolidating various High Court cases. 

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Key Directions by the Supreme Court

1. Ban on Public Feeding 

• Feeding stray dogs on streets and in open public spaces is prohibited. 

2. Dedicated Feeding Zones 

• Municipal authorities are required to designate specific areas for feeding within each municipal ward. 

3. Return After Treatment 

• Dogs that are sterilized, vaccinated, and dewormed must be released back to their original capture location. 
• Exception: Dogs suffering from rabies, suspected rabies, or showing aggressive tendencies will not be released. 

4. Adoption Provisions 

• Animal lovers may approach municipal bodies for the adoption of stray dogs. 

5. Towards a National Policy 

• The case has been extended to include all States and Union Territories to create a uniform framework for stray dog management. 

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Concerns Linked to Stray Dogs in India

1. Population Issue:

• Around 1.5 crore stray dogs (2019 livestock census). 

2. Public Safety Risks: 

• Rising dog-bite incidents and aggressive attacks. 
• India contributes nearly 36% of global rabies deaths. 
• Dog bites are responsible for 99% of human rabies cases. 

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Legal and Policy Framework

1. Constitutional Mandates 

• Article 243W: Empowers municipalities to regulate stray animal population. 
• Article 51A(g): Fundamental duty of citizens to show compassion towards animals. 

2. Legislative Measures 

• Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. 
• Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023: Focus on sterilisation and vaccination as humane control methods. 

3. Judicial Precedents 

• Jallikattu Case (2014): Recognized animal rights under Article 21 (Right to Life). 
• People for Elimination of Stray Trouble v. AWBI: Banned killing of stray dogs, including those considered aggressive. 

 

Kerala: India’s First Fully Digitally Literate State 

Why in News

Kerala has officially become the first state in India to achieve 100% digital literacy, a milestone achieved under the Digi Keralam programme launched in 2023. 

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Background

1. Digi Keralam Programme (2023):

Aimed at ensuring universal access to digital tools and e-services, irrespective of age, social status, or location. 

2. Akshaya Project Legacy:

Earlier, Kerala’s Akshaya project had made Malappuram the first e-literate district in India, laying the foundation for digital empowerment. 

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What is Digital Literacy?

• Defined as the ability of individuals and communities to understand, access, and effectively use digital technologies in real-life situations. 
• A digitally literate household is one where at least one member (aged 5 years or above) can operate a computer and use the internet. 

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Positive Impacts on Socio-Economic Development

1. Efficient Governance: 

Use of platforms like Kisan Call Centres and Common Services Centres (CSCs) improves transparency and service delivery. 

2. Global Connectivity: 

Acts as a “window to the world,” enhancing access to information, social interaction, and decision-making. 

3. Democratic Participation: 

Encourages informed and active engagement of citizens with governance processes. 

4. Financial Inclusion: 

Accelerates adoption of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and other fintech innovations. 

5. Skill Development & Employment: 

Imparts basic ICT knowledge, creating opportunities in the digital economy and boosting livelihood prospects. 

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Challenges Related to Digital Literacy in India

1. Ethical Concerns: 

Risks of misinformation, fake news, communal disharmony, and online radicalisation. 

2. Data Protection: 

Increased vulnerability to identity theft and misuse of sensitive personal information (passwords, OTPs, banking details). 

3. Cybersecurity Threats: 

Growing cyberattacks demand robust frameworks, technological upgradation, and digital vigilance. 

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Significance of Kerala’s Achievement

• Provides a replicable model for inclusive digital transformation for other states. 
• Bridges the digital divide, ensuring technology-driven growth benefits all sections of society. 
• Reinforces India’s vision of becoming a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy under Digital India. 

 

ISRO’s Heaviest Rocket – Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV) 

Why in News

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has announced that its heaviest rocket – Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV) will be operational by 2035. This launch vehicle is designed to support India’s ambitious lunar exploration programme, including the first Indian human mission to the Moon planned by 2040. 

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Key Features of LMLV

1. Design:

• An advanced version of the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV). 

2. Dimensions:

• Comparable in height to a 40-storey building. 

3. Mission Role:

• Intended for lunar missions and deep space exploration. 

4. Payload Capacity: 

• 80 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). 
• Around 27 tonnes to the Moon. 

5. Propulsion System: 

• Three stages – first two using liquid propellants, and the third using a cryogenic propellant. 

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ISRO’s Key Launch Vehicles

1. PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) 

• Third-generation vehicle with liquid stages. 
• Deploys satellites into Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit, LEO, and GTO. 
• Missions: Chandrayaan-1, Mars Orbiter Mission. 

2. GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) 

• Fourth-generation, three-stage vehicle. 
• Can place 2-tonne class satellites into GTO. 
• Primarily used for communication satellites. 

3. LVM-3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3) 

• Heavy-lift, three-stage vehicle. 
• Payload: 4-tonne satellites to GTO or 10-tonnes to LEO. 
• Missions: Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3. 
• Proposed vehicle for Bharatiya Antariksh Station. 

4. SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle) 

• Three-stage, all-solid propulsion system. 
• Designed for Mini, Micro, and Nano satellites (10–500 kg). 

 

Sundarbans Tiger Reserve Becomes India’s Second Largest 

Why in News

The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL), chaired by the Union Environment Minister, has approved the West Bengal government’s proposal to expand the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve (STR). With this development, STR has moved from seventh to second place in size among India’s 58 tiger reserves, now ranking just behind the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Andhra Pradesh. 

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Procedure for Declaring or Modifying a Tiger Reserve

1. Legal Basis: 

• Declared under Section 38V of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, based on State Government proposals and recommendations of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). 

2. Steps for Notification: 

• Proposal submitted by the State Government. 
• NTCA provides in-principle approval and seeks detailed plans. 
• NTCA, after due diligence, recommends the proposal back to the State. 
• The State Government officially notifies the Tiger Reserve. 

3. Process for Alteration (Section 38W of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972): 

• No boundary changes allowed without recommendation of NTCA and approval from NBWL. 
• Alteration proposals must also originate from the respective State. 

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About Sundarbans Tiger Reserve (STR)

1. Geographical Location:

• Situated in the coastal districts of West Bengal. 

2. Ecological Significance: 

• World’s only mangrove ecosystem with a significant tiger population. 
• Forms part of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve. 

3. Boundaries:

• East – International boundary with Bangladesh (rivers Harinbhanga, Raimangal, Kalindi). 
• South – Bay of Bengal. 
• West – River Matla. 
• North-West – Rivers Bidya and Gomdi. 

4. World Heritage Status:

• National Park area within STR is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site 

 

IPC Confirms Famine in Gaza 

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) has confirmed that over 500,000 people in Gaza are trapped in famine conditions, marked by severe starvation, destitution, and preventable deaths. 

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About IPC

1. Overview:

A standardized international framework used to measure and communicate the severity of food insecurity in any country or region. 

2. Origin:

Developed in 2004 by the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU), managed by the FAO in Somalia. 

3. Nature:

A unique multi-partner initiative comprising 21 organizations, including UN agencies and leading international NGOs. 

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Governance Structure

1. IPC High-Level Executive Committee:

The top decision-making entity in IPC’s global governance. 

2. IPC Global Steering Committee:

The principal governing body of the initiative, responsible for strategic direction and oversight. 

 

Registrar General of India (RGI) 

The Registrar General of India (RGI) has urged States to work towards ensuring universal registration of births and deaths, strengthening the coverage and accuracy of vital statistics. 

About Registrar General of India (RGI)

1. Legal Basis & Appointment 

• Appointed under the Registration of Births and Deaths (RBD) Act, 1969. 
• Functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). 

2. Key Responsibilities 

(a) Census Operations 

• Conducts Housing and Population Census as per the Census Act, 1948. 

(b) Civil Registration System (CRS) 

• Implements the RBD Act (1969), which makes the registration of births and deaths mandatory. 

(c) Other Functions 

• Maintains the Sample Registration System (SRS) for demographic indicators. 
• Prepares and updates the National Population Register (NPR). 
• Conducts the Mother Tongue Survey and related demographic studies. 

 

SMILE Scheme

The Government of India recently launched a 15-day Entrepreneurship Development Programme under the SMILE scheme to enhance livelihood opportunities and self-employment avenues for transgender persons. 

About SMILE Scheme

1. Full Form:

Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise (SMILE). 

2. Type:

Central Sector Scheme. 

3. Nodal Ministry:

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE). 

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Key Components

1. Sub-Schemes 

• Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Welfare of Transgender Persons. 
• Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Persons Engaged in Begging. 

2. Major Interventions

• Rehabilitation Support – housing and shelter homes. 
• Medical Care – access to health facilities and gender-specific healthcare. 
• Counseling Services – psychological and social support. 
• Education & Skill Development – bridging education gaps and providing vocational training. 
• Economic Linkages – promoting entrepreneurship, self-employment, and credit access. 

 

Maharashtra Collaborates with IIT Madras Startup for Hyperloop Development 

The Maharashtra government has signed an agreement with TuTr Hyperloop Pvt. Ltd, a startup incubated at IIT Madras, to develop a Linear Induction Motor (LIM)-based hyperloop mobility system. The proposed project will link Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) in Navi Mumbai with the upcoming Vadhavan Port in Palghar district, aiming to revolutionize freight and passenger connectivity. 

About Hyperloop Technology

1. Origin:

Concept first proposed in 2013 by Elon Musk (CEO, SpaceX) as an Ultra-High-Speed Rail (UHSR) system, later open-sourced for global research. 

2. Core Idea:

Pods move at ultra-high speeds inside low-pressure sealed tubes, minimizing air resistance. 

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Key Features & Functioning

1. Technology Base:

• Magnetic levitation (maglev) combined with vacuum tubes. 

2. Propulsion Mechanism:

• Linear Induction Motors (LIM) silently push pods. 

3. Speed Potential:

• Theoretical speed of up to 1,200 km/h. 

4. Main Components: 

• Steel tubes maintaining pressure around 100 Pa 
• Pressurized passenger/freight capsules 
• Compressors for airflow regulation 
• Air-bearing suspension for smooth travel

 

Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) 

Why in News

India has entered into a collaboration with French aerospace giant Safran to jointly manufacture advanced jet engines for the country’s fifth-generation fighter aircraft (AMCA) programme. 

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About AMCA

1. Type:

Fifth-generation, medium-weight stealth fighter aircraft. 

2. Developer:

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). 

3. Estimated Project Cost:

Around ₹15,000 crore. 

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Key Features of AMCA

1. Stealth Design:

Reduced radar cross-section for enhanced survivability. 

2. Twin-Engine Power:

Ensures greater thrust and endurance. 

3. Supercruise Capability:

Ability to fly at supersonic speeds without using afterburners. 

4. Advanced Avionics:

Incorporation of AI-enabled systems for superior situational awareness. 

5. AESA Radar:

Long-range target detection and tracking. 

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Timeline

1. Prototype Development:

Expected by 2028–29. 

2. Induction into IAF:

Likely by 2034–35. 

 

Earthquake in Drake Passage 

A magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck the Drake Passage, located between Argentina and Chile, raising concerns due to the region’s seismic and maritime significance. 

About Drake Passage

1. Geographical Location: 

Lies between Cape Horn (southern tip of South America) and the South Shetland Islands (north of the Antarctic Peninsula). 

2. Naming: 

Named after Sir Francis Drake, the renowned English navigator and first circumnavigator of the globe. 

3. Oceanic Features: 

The passage experiences west-to-east water flow, forming part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the most voluminous ocean current. 

4. Historic Importance: 

Served as a major trade route before the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. 

5. Navigational Challenge: 

Known for stormy seas and icy conditions, making navigation around Cape Horn one of the most dangerous feats for sailors. 

 

India Elected Chairman of AIBD Executive Board 

At the 23rd General Conference of the Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development (AIBD) held in Thailand, India was elected as the Chairman of its Executive Board. 

About AIBD

1. Establishment: 

• Founded in 1977 under the auspices of UNESCO as a regional inter-governmental organization. 

2. Mandate: 

• To promote a vibrant, cohesive, and collaborative electronic media environment across the Asia-Pacific region. 

3. Membership: 

• Comprises 92 member organizations from 45 countries. 

4. India’s Role: 

• India is a founding member of AIBD. 
• Prasar Bharati, India’s public service broadcaster, represents the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting in AIBD activities. 

5. Secretariat: 

• Located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 

 

Rampage Missiles 

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to acquire additional Israeli-origin Rampage missiles to enhance its long-range strike capabilities. 

About Rampage Missiles

1. Type:

Long-range, air-to-ground precision attack missile. 

2. Speed:

Capable of travelling at supersonic speeds, making detection and interception difficult. 

3. Developer:

Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). 

 

Druzhba Pipeline 

A recent Ukrainian strike has disrupted operations of the Druzhba oil pipeline, halting Russian crude supplies to Hungary and Slovakia. 

About Druzhba (Friendship) Pipeline

1. Scale:

Among the largest crude oil pipeline networks globally. 

2. Length:

Approximately 5,500 km. 

3. Route:

Originates in Russia and passes through Belarus and Ukraine, delivering crude oil to Slovakia and Hungary. 

 

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