25 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 25 July 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

Commemorating 1,000 Years of Rajendra Chola I’s Historic Maritime Expedition

The Ministry of Culture is celebrating the Aadi Thiruvathirai Festival to mark the millennial anniversary of Rajendra Chola I’s renowned naval expedition to Southeast Asia. This commemoration also pays tribute to the Tamil Shaiva Bhakti movement, particularly the 63 Nayanmars, saint-poets who received patronage from the Chola rulers.

Rajendra Chola I (Reign: 1014–1044 CE)

• Son and successor of Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I carried forward the Chola imperial legacy with significant territorial and maritime achievements.
• His northward conquest up to the Ganga valley earned him the title Gangaikonda Cholan (“the Chola who conquered the Ganges”).
• To immortalize this victory, he established a new capital city named Gangaikonda Cholapuram, where he also built a magnificent temple.
• He successfully led naval expeditions against Sri Lanka and the powerful Srivijaya Empire in Southeast Asia.
• The capital of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Sri Vijayapuram, derives its name from his conquest of Srivijaya.

About the Srivijaya Empire

• A formidable maritime and commercial kingdom, Srivijaya was a dominant force in Southeast Asia from the 7th century onwards.
• Rajendra Chola’s successful campaign against it reflected the far-reaching influence of the Chola navy and marked India’s deep historical maritime ties with Southeast Asia.

Legacy of the Chola Empire

1. Origins and Rise:

• Initially minor chieftains in Uraiyur under the Pallavas, the Cholas rose to imperial prominence in the 9th century CE under Vijayalaya Chola.

2. Governance and Administration:

• Village settlements (Ur) flourished due to effective irrigation systems.
• Clusters of villages (Nadu) functioned as local administrative units, handling revenue collection and judicial duties.
• A well-documented taxation system existed, with Vetti (forced labour) and Kadamai (land tax) being common.

3. Key Epigraphical Evidence:

• The Uttaramerur inscriptions provide detailed insights into the Chola system of local self-governance and early forms of electoral processes.

Cultural and Artistic Contributions

1. Temple Architecture:

The Cholas built grand temples that are today UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

• Brihadeeswara Temple (Thanjavur)
• Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
• Airavatesvara Temple (Darasuram)

2. Art and Sculpture:

• The Cholas are globally renowned for their masterful bronze sculptures, particularly the depiction of Nataraja-Lord Shiva in the cosmic dance form.

National Sports Governance Bill Introduced in Lok Sabha

The National Sports Governance Bill has been tabled in the Lok Sabha with the aim of streamlining the governance structure of sports federations in India, enhancing transparency, reducing litigation, and improving India’s performance in global sports.

Key Objectives of the Bill

• Establish a robust legal framework for the functioning of national sports bodies.
• Enhance accountability and transparency in sports administration.
• Resolve internal disputes efficiently through a dedicated tribunal.
• Promote athlete welfare and ethical sports culture.

Institutional Framework Under the Bill

1. National Sports Board (NSB)

a. Constitution: To be established by the Central Government.

b. Appointments: Chairperson and Members appointed by the Centre.

c. Functions:

• Grant recognition to National Sports Bodies (NSBs).
• Maintain a central register of all recognised NSBs.
• Constitute ad hoc committees to manage non-compliant sports bodies.
• Collaborate with international and national sports organisations.
• Frame guidelines aligning with global Olympic and sporting standards.

2. National Sports Bodies (NSBs)

Established for governing respective recognised sports in India:

• National Olympic Committee (NOC): Apex body for Olympic sports in India.
• National Paralympic Committee (NPC): Sole authority for Paralympic sports.
• Other Federations: National Sports Federations (NSFs) and Regional Sports Federations (RSFs): Operate under the recognition granted by the NSB.

3. National Sports Election Panel

• Mandate: Ensure free, fair, and transparent elections to Executive and Athletes’ Committees of NSBs.
• Qualifications of Members: Must possess experience in sports law, sports governance, or public administration.

Dispute Resolution Mechanism

National Sports Tribunal

1. Composition:

• Chaired by a retired Supreme Court Judge or Chief Justice of a High Court.
• Two expert members with backgrounds in law, public administration, or sports.

2. Key Features:

• Autonomous in procedural matters.
• Exclusive jurisdiction-civil courts barred from intervening.
• Financial support drawn from the Consolidated Fund of India.
• Ensures speedy adjudication of sports-related disputes.

Ethical and Safety Framework

• Code of Ethics: All recognised NSBs are required to draft a Code of Ethics aligned with global best practices in sports governance.
• Safe Sports Policy & Grievance Redressal: Mandatory policy framework for the protection of vulnerable athletes, including women and minors.
• Mechanisms to address complaints of harassment, abuse, and misconduct.

ICJ Issues Historic Advisory Opinion on Climate Change Obligations

In a landmark development, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has issued an advisory opinion outlining the legal obligations of states under international law to combat climate change. The case was spearheaded by Vanuatu, a Pacific Island nation, and backed by over 130 countries, underscoring the concerns of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) most vulnerable to climate-related threats.

Background

In 2023, United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution seeking the ICJ's legal guidance on:

• States’ responsibilities under international law to safeguard the environment.
• Legal consequences of failing to fulfill these obligations.

Key Highlights of the ICJ Advisory Opinion

1. Environmental Protection as a Human Right:

• ICJ declared that access to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment is an essential human right.
• States are legally bound by international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to act decisively on climate change to uphold these rights.

2. Binding Obligation to Mitigate Emissions:

• Countries have a clear duty to prevent environmental harm, including limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
• States must work towards achieving the Paris Agreement target of keeping global temperature rise within 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
• Current global warming already stands at 1.3°C, increasing the urgency of compliance.

3. Legal Consequences for Non-Compliance:

a. States failing to meet their obligations may:

• Incur international legal responsibility.
• Be directed to cease wrongful actions.
• Be required to provide guarantees of non-repetition.
• Offer reparations, depending on the damage caused.

b. While some major emitters like the U.S. and Russia oppose enforceable emission cuts, the ICJ’s opinion adds significant legal weight to future climate litigations and global advocacy efforts.

About the International Court of Justice (ICJ)

1. Establishment & Headquarters:

• Established: 1945 as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
• Headquarters: Peace Palace, The Hague, Netherlands.

2. Core Functions:

• Settles legal disputes between sovereign states.
• Issues advisory opinions on legal questions referred by UN bodies and specialised agencies.

3. Limitations:

• Can only adjudicate cases submitted by consenting states.
• Advisory opinions, while non-binding, carry moral and legal influence globally.

4. Composition:

• Comprises 15 judges, elected for 9-year terms by both the UN General Assembly and Security Council.
• Judges serve in their individual capacity and not as representatives of their respective countries.

Significance of the Ruling

• The ICJ’s opinion reinforces the legal and ethical imperative for states to address climate change.
• It provides a global legal framework for climate accountability.
• Supports vulnerable nations and civil society in holding polluting states responsible.
• Could influence national courts and future international negotiations on climate obligations.

India Achieves 20% Ethanol Blending in Petrol-Five Years Ahead of Target

India has successfully achieved 20% ethanol blending in petrol, a milestone set for 2025-26, five years ahead of schedule. This accomplishment marks a significant leap toward energy security, farmer welfare, and climate action.

What is Ethanol?

• Ethanol (C₂H₅OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is a renewable biofuel derived from plant-based sources collectively referred to as biomass.
• Feedstock includes: Sugarcane, maize, wheat, sugar beet, cassava, and other starch-rich crops.
• Production methods:
  - Biological route: Fermentation of sugars using yeast.
  - Chemical route: Ethylene hydration via petrochemical processes.

Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme

1. Launch & Evolution

• Initiated in: 2003 to reduce fossil fuel dependence and support the agricultural economy.
• Policy Framework: Governed by the National Policy on Biofuels (2018).
• Revised Targets:
  - Original target: 20% blending by 2030.
  - Revised in 2022: Target advanced to 2025-26.

2. Permitted Feedstocks

• Sugarcane juice
• Sugar beet
• Cassava
• Damaged/rotten food grains
• Potatoes unfit for human consumption
• Surplus food grains—ensuring price support to farmers during surplus years

Key Achievements

• Ethanol production rose from 38 crore litres (2014) to over 660 crore litres (2025).
• Foreign exchange savings: Approx. ₹1.36 lakh crore.
• Farmers’ income: Approx. ₹1.2 lakh crore paid to farmers for ethanol feedstock.
• Environmental benefit: Estimated reduction of 700 lakh tonnes of CO₂ emissions.

Significance

• Energy diversification: Reduces dependence on imported fossil fuels.
• Farm income support: Offers a new revenue stream for farmers during times of surplus.
• Environmental gains: Contributes to India’s climate goals by lowering GHG emissions.
• Rural industrialisation: Encourages establishment of distilleries and agro-based industries.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

The European Commission is set to implement the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)-a policy aimed at curbing carbon leakage by imposing carbon tariffs on certain imported goods.

What is Carbon Leakage?

• Carbon leakage refers to the relocation of carbon-intensive industries from countries with strict climate policies (like the EU) to countries with more lenient emission regulations.
• This undermines global efforts to reduce greenhouse gases and gives unfair competitive advantage to industries in low-regulation regions.

About the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

1. Objective:

To ensure a level playing field for EU industries and encourage global climate responsibility by assigning a carbon price to imports from carbon-intensive sectors.

2. Key Features:

• CBAM will require importers to declare and pay for the carbon emissions embedded in specific imported goods.
• These carbon tariffs are calculated to reflect the cost that EU producers already bear under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS).

3. Sectors Covered (Initial Phase):

• Cement
• Aluminium
• Fertilisers
• Iron and Steel
• Hydrogen
• Electricity

Significance of CBAM

• Environmental Integrity: Encourages emission reduction globally by extending EU’s climate norms beyond its borders.
• Prevents Regulatory Arbitrage: Discourages industries from shifting production to countries with weaker climate regulations.
• Economic Fairness: Protects EU industries from unfair competition.
• Global Climate Diplomacy: Signals EU’s commitment to climate leadership and pushes trading partners toward greener production practices.

Implications for India and Other Developing Economies

• Export Challenges: Indian sectors like steel, cement, and aluminium may face increased scrutiny and cost barriers in EU markets.
• Incentive for Green Transition: Could push industries to adopt cleaner technologies and transparent carbon accounting.
• Trade-Climate Debate: Raises questions about the balance between climate goals and trade equity, especially for developing nations.

India Skills Accelerator Initiative

The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), in collaboration with the World Economic Forum (WEF), has initiated discussions on the “India Skills Accelerator”, aimed at reshaping the nation's skilling ecosystem in alignment with global technological and industrial transformations.

About the India Skills Accelerator Initiative

• Purpose: To create a future-ready workforce by enabling flexible and responsive skilling frameworks that bridge the gap between education and emerging industry demands.

Key Objectives

1. Facilitate Agile Career Transitions:

• Support individuals in shifting careers seamlessly as per evolving market trends and job profiles.

2. Promote Scalable and Inclusive Training Models:

• Design systems that can train large sections of the workforce efficiently, irrespective of geography or socio-economic background.

3. Align Education with Industry 4.0 Demands:

Focus on high-growth sectors such as:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Robotics
• Advanced Manufacturing
• Clean and Renewable Energy

Platform Structure

1. Operates as a Public-Private Collaboration Hub, bringing together:

• Government agencies
• Industry leaders
• Educational and vocational institutions
• Non-governmental stakeholders

2. Aims to foster cross-sector innovation and co-create industry-aligned curricula and skilling methodologies.

Global Context: Part of WEF’s Reskilling Revolution

This initiative contributes to the World Economic Forum’s Reskilling Revolution, which:

• Encourages governments worldwide to offer universal access to upskilling and reskilling opportunities.
• Focuses on inclusivity-covering workers of all educational backgrounds and employment statuses.

Significance for India

• Positions India as a global hub for skilled talent in frontier technologies.
• Enhances economic resilience by building a versatile and future-proof workforce.
• Strengthens public-private partnerships to ensure sustainable skill development outcomes.

Henley Passport Index 2025: India Rises in Global Mobility Ranking

India has improved its position in the Henley Passport Index 2025, moving up from 85th place in 2024 to 77th in the latest edition.

Key Highlights

• Indian Passport Holders now enjoy visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 59 destinations globally.
• The upward movement reflects growing global acceptance of Indian travel credentials and enhanced diplomatic engagements.

About the Henley Passport Index

• It is a global ranking of passports, assessing the freedom of travel they offer based on the number of countries accessible without a prior visa.
• The index is compiled using exclusive data provided by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and supplemented by extensive research.
• Considered one of the most reliable indicators of global travel freedom and international mobility.

Top Performer

• Singapore holds the number one position in the 2025 index, with its citizens enjoying the broadest access to visa-free destinations worldwide.

Significance for India

• Improved ranking reflects positively on India’s global diplomatic outreach, rising economic stature, and travel demand.
• Indicates a widening network of bilateral and multilateral agreements facilitating smoother travel for Indian nationals.

AI for India 2.0 Programme: Empowering Youth through Multilingual Tech Education

The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) announced that the AI for India 2.0 programme has successfully enabled access to technology training in nine regional languages, such as Hindi, Telugu, and Kannada, enhancing digital inclusion for India’s diverse youth population.

About the AI for India 2.0 Programme

1. Objective:

• To democratize access to tech-based skill development.
• To empower youth, particularly those from non-English-speaking and rural backgrounds, with future-ready AI and ML competencies.

2. Target Beneficiaries:

• College students
• Recent graduates
• Early-career professionals, especially from underserved or vernacular-medium regions.

3. Key Features:

• Offers free online training modules in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).
• Training is made available in 9 Indian languages, ensuring regional linguistic inclusivity.
• Bridges the digital skill gap between urban and rural youth, contributing to equitable participation in India’s digital economy.

Significance

• Promotes linguistic diversity in digital skilling, aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 vision of mother-tongue-based learning.
• Supports the development of a technologically empowered workforce, crucial for India’s ambition to become a global AI hub.
• Enhances employability and innovation potential among India's demographic dividend.

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