25 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 25 November 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

G20 Summit 2025 - Johannesburg Declaration Adopted

The 2025 G20 Summit, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, concluded with the adoption of the G20 Johannesburg Declaration, marking the first G20 Summit on African soil. The theme for the Summit was “Solidarity, Equality, Sustainability.”

Key Outcomes of the 2025 G20 Declaration

1. Disaster Resilience & Debt Sustainability:

• Focus on people-centric disaster response systems.
• Support for debt-distressed nations, especially in the Global South.
• Emphasis on sustainable industrialisation, decent work creation, and inclusive economic growth.

2. Climate Action & Energy Transition:

• Strong push for scaling up renewable energy capacity globally.
• Endorsement of the G20 Critical Minerals Framework (voluntary) to strengthen secure and sustainable mineral supply chains.
• Reaffirmed commitments to:
  - Paris Agreement 1.5°C target
  - Global biodiversity conservation goals

3. Institutional & Global Governance Reforms:

• Robust call for UN Security Council (UNSC) reforms to reflect contemporary global realities.
• Renewed support for multilateral cooperation guided by the African philosophy of Ubuntu—shared humanity and interconnectedness.

4. Social Commitments & Security:

• Reaffirmed commitment to empowering women and girls.
• Condemned terrorism in all forms, ensuring enhanced global counter-terror cooperation.

Major Proposals by India at the G20 Summit

• Global Traditional Knowledge Repository: A digital platform to pool and preserve traditional knowledge systems across cultures.
• Africa Skills Multiplier Programme: Mission to produce 1 million certified trainers, enhancing youth skill development in Africa.
• Global Healthcare Response Team: Rapid-response teams of G20 health experts to coordinate during global health emergencies.
• Open Satellite Data Partnership: Sharing Earth-observation data for agriculture, fisheries, natural resource management, and disaster response.
• Critical Minerals Circularity Initiative Promoting recycling, innovation, and supply-chain resilience in critical minerals.
• Countering the Drug–Terror Nexus: Proposal to jointly tackle drug trafficking linked to terrorism financing.
• India–Italy Initiative: A joint commitment on the sidelines of the Summit to counter terrorist financing.

About G20

1. Formation & Purpose:

• Established: 1999 following the Asian financial crisis (1997–98).
• Focus: Shaping global economic policy, financial stability, and governance mechanisms.

2. Membership:

• 20 members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States, the EU, and the African Union.

3. G20 Presidency & Troika:

• The Summit is held annually under a rotating Presidency.
• The Troika ensures continuity - comprising the previous, current, and incoming Presidencies.
• During South Africa’s 2025 Presidency, the Troika consisted of Brazil, South Africa, and the United States.

India–Brazil–South Africa (IBSA) Leaders’ Meeting – G20 Summit 2025

The IBSA Leaders’ Meeting was held on the sidelines of the G20 Summit 2025 in Johannesburg.
India emphasised UNSC reform, global peace, and the role of IBSA in shaping safe, trustworthy, and human-centric AI norms.

Key Proposals by India

1. Institutionalising Security Dialogue:

• Proposal to institutionalise a National Security Advisers (NSA)-level dialogue among India, Brazil, and South Africa.
• Aim: Strengthen cooperation on counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, maritime security, and emerging threats.

2. IBSA Digital Innovation Alliance:

A platform to share and expand Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) among the three countries, including:

• UPI-style digital payments
• CoWIN-type health systems
• Cybersecurity frameworks
• Women-led tech & innovation initiatives
• Emphasis on open, interoperable and inclusive digital systems.

3. Climate Resilience Fund:

a. Proposal for an IBSA Fund for Climate-Resilient Agriculture.

b. Focus areas:

• Drought-resistant seeds
• Climate-smart farming
• Early-warning systems
• Farmer-centric climate innovation

c. Particularly relevant as all three countries face agriculture-linked climate vulnerabilities.

About the IBSA Forum

1. Formation:

• Founded in 2003 through the Brasilia Declaration.
• A trilateral platform of: India, Brazil, South Africa
• Represents major Global South democracies across three continents.

2. Objectives of IBSA:

• Promote a new international architecture reflective of Global South priorities.
• Coordinate positions on global governance, UNSC reforms, and multilateral issues.
• Advance South–South cooperation.

Three Pillars of IBSA Cooperation

1. Political Coordination:

• Forum for consultations on UN reforms, Peace and security, Global trade, climate, and development issues

2. Trilateral Collaboration:

Across multiple working groups

• Agriculture, education, health, defence, energy, transport
• People-to-People forums (academia, women, businesses)

3. Assistance to Other Developing Countries:

Through the IBSA Fund

• Supports developmental projects in Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
• Managed by UNOSSC (United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation).
• Known for low administrative cost & high development impact.

Key IBSA Initiatives

1. IBSA Trust Fund (2004):

• Supports poverty reduction and development projects in Africa, Asia, Latin America.
• Received UN awards for innovative South-South cooperation.

2. IBSAMAR Naval Exercise:

• Tri-national maritime exercise involving the navies of India, Brazil, and South Africa.
• Enhances interoperability, anti-piracy readiness, and maritime domain awareness in the South Atlantic–Indian Ocean region.

UNFCCC COP30 Concludes with Adoption of the Belém Package

The 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) to the UNFCCC, held in Belém, Brazil, concluded with the adoption of the Belem Package, marking major advancements in global climate action, finance, adaptation, and just transition pathways.

Key Components of the Belém Package

1. Two New Global Initiatives:

a. Global Implementation Accelerator

• A two-year programme.
• Aims to bridge the gap between current national climate plans (NDCs) and the 1.5°C pathway.
• Focus on tangible implementation and sectoral decarbonisation.

b. The Belém Mission to 1.5

• An action-oriented platform operated by the COP29–COP31 troika.
• Enables deeper international cooperation across mitigation, adaptation, and climate investments.

2. Global Mutirão Decision:

A high-level political declaration adopted by Parties. It includes commitments on:

a. Climate Finance

• Scale up climate finance for developing countries to at least USD 1.3 trillion annually by 2035.
• Double adaptation finance by 2025 and triple by 2035.

b. Adaptation

• Adoption of the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA).
• Includes 60 indicators to assess global adaptation progress.

c. Just Transition Mechanism

• Provides technical cooperation, capacity building, and financial support for equitable and inclusive just transitions in developing countries.

d. Two Thematic Roadmaps

• Forest and Climate Roadmap – To halt and reverse deforestation.
• Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels Roadmap – Guides global efforts to phase down fossil fuel dependence.

3. Announcements under the COP30 Action Agenda:

a. FINI Initiative (Fostering Investible National Implementation)

• Seeks to unlock USD 1 trillion in adaptation project pipelines within three years.
• Targets 20% mobilization from the private sector.

b. Belém Health Action Plan

• First-ever global plan to address climate-linked health threats.
• Promotes climate-resilient health systems.

c. Tropical Forests Forever Facility (TFFF)

• A novel financing mechanism offering long-term, results-based payments for verified conservation of standing tropical forests.

d. Gender Action Plan

• Advances gender-responsive budgeting and climate finance.
• Prioritises leadership roles for Indigenous, Afro-descendant, and rural women.

Article 240 & Chandigarh – Issue Explained

The Home Ministry clarified that no Bill will be introduced in the upcoming Winter Session to change the status of Chandigarh, after a Lok Sabha bulletin mistakenly suggested a Constitution Amendment to include Chandigarh under Article 240.

If such an amendment were introduced, it would have allowed appointment of an independent Administrator, instead of the current arrangement where the Punjab Governor serves as the Administrator of Chandigarh.

What Was the Proposal?

• The bulletin had indicated a move to bring Chandigarh under Article 240.
• This would have enabled the President to frame regulations for Chandigarh directly.
• It could also create scope for an independent Administrator, separate from the Punjab Governor.

However, the Centre clarified that no such amendment will be introduced.

Current Status of Chandigarh

• A Union Territory serving as the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana.
• Administrator: By convention and notification, the Governor of Punjab acts as the Administrator of Chandigarh under Article 239.

Understanding Article 240 of the Constitution

1. Article 240:

• Power of President to Make Regulations for Certain Union Territories

2. The President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good governance of the following UTs:

• Andaman & Nicobar Islands
• Lakshadweep
• Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu

Earlier, it also included Puducherry, but after it obtained a legislature, the Article applies only in limited situations.

3. Key Points:

• Regulations made by the President have the same force as Parliamentary laws.
• They can repeal or amend existing laws in these UTs.
• This power is exercised when the Legislature is absent or not empowered.

Why Chandigarh Is Not Under Article 240

1. Chandigarh is governed under Article 239, where the President appoints an Administrator.

2. Bringing Chandigarh under Article 240 would:

• Change its governance structure.
• Grant the President direct regulatory powers.
• Allow appointment of an independent Administrator.

Australia–Canada–India Technology and Innovation (ACITI) Partnership

India, Australia, and Canada jointly announced the ACITI trilateral framework on the sidelines of the G20 Summit 2025 in Johannesburg.

About ACITI

Purpose: To strengthen trilateral cooperation in

• Critical and Emerging Technologies (CET)
• Innovation ecosystems
• Digital transformation
• Research collaboration

ACITI aligns with the countries’ shared interests in open, secure, resilient, and trusted technology systems.

Key Focus Areas

1. Clean Energy Technologies:

• Collaboration on renewables, green hydrogen, energy storage, and low-carbon tech.
• Joint R&D and innovation funding mechanisms.

2. Diversified & Resilient Supply Chains:

Special emphasis on:

• Critical Minerals
• Battery value chains
• Semiconductor components
• Rare earth processing capabilities

The aim is to reduce strategic dependencies and promote a trusted, transparent, and sustainable supply chain network.

3. Responsible, Accelerated AI Development:

• Cooperation to speed up AI research, innovation, and diffusion.
• Focus on safe, trustworthy, inclusive AI that improves quality of life.
• Exploration of ethical AI guidelines, regulatory alignment

Bharat NCAP 2.0 – Revised Draft Released

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) has issued a revised draft framework for Bharat NCAP 2.0, expanding the vehicle safety assessment parameters beyond crash tests.

About Bharat NCAP

1. Launch:

• Introduced in October 2023 to provide consumer-friendly safety ratings for passenger vehicles.
• The current phase remains valid till 2027.

2. Nature of the Programme:

• Voluntary-manufacturers can choose to submit vehicles for evaluation.

3. Implementing Agency:

• Ratings are issued by the Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT), Pune, the designated testing and certification authority.

4. Testing Protocol:

• Vehicle assessments follow the procedures outlined in Automotive Industry Standard (AIS)-197.

What’s New in Bharat NCAP 2.0?

Under the revised model, a vehicle’s star rating will be determined across five assessment categories:

• Crash Protection: Evaluates occupant safety in frontal and side-impact crash scenarios.
• Vulnerable Road User Protection: Assesses safety measures for pedestrians, cyclists, and other road users.
• Safe Driving: Examines design features that encourage safer driving behaviour.
• Accident Avoidance: Focus on advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and other technologies that help prevent collisions.
• Post-Crash Safety: Measures the ability of a vehicle to support safe rescue operations after an accident—e.g., e-call systems, fire risk, ease of extrication.

Asian and Pacific Centre for Development of Disaster Information Management (APDIM)

The 10th Session of APDIM on Inclusive Disaster Risk Data Governance was recently held in New Delhi, focusing on strengthening regional cooperation in disaster information systems.

About APDIM

1. Established:

• 2015

2. Type:

• A regional institution under the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.

3. Headquarters:

• Tehran, Iran

4. Governed by a Governing Council comprising:

• Eight ESCAP member states elected for a 3-year term
• Government of Iran as the host country

5. Mandate:

• To assist Asia-Pacific nations in strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) through improved and integrated disaster information management.

6. Core Functions:

Facilitates exchange of disaster-related datasets, tools, and best practices.

• Capacity Building: Training, technical assistance, and institutional strengthening for member countries.
• Risk Assessment & Analytics: Helps governments assess hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposure.
• Support for Early Warning Systems: Enhances multi-hazard early warning capabilities.
• Response & Recovery Planning: Provides information tools for coordinated response and post-disaster recovery.
• Promoting Regional Cooperation: Encourages cross-border collaboration for resilient and data-driven disaster management.

Parasocial - Cambridge Dictionary Word of the Year 2025

Cambridge Dictionary selected ‘parasocial’ as the Word of the Year 2025, reflecting changes in human behaviour shaped by social media and AI-driven interactions.

Meaning

• Describes a one-sided social relationship in which a person feels emotionally connected to:
  - a celebrity, influencer or public figure,\
  - or a fictional character from films, books, or series.
• The individual believes they “know” the person/character, despite no real interaction.

Context & Relevance

• The rise of social media, live streams, influencers, and AI chatbots/companion bots has significantly intensified parasocial bonds.
• Long-term content consumption fosters a sense of closeness, trust and familiarity, often resembling friendships or family-like connections.

Why It Matters

Parasocial interactions influence:

• Consumer behaviour (celebrity endorsements, influencer marketing),
• Political communication (leader-follower emotional connection),
• Mental health (loneliness, dependence, boundary blurring),
• Digital culture (fan communities, cult-like attachment).

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