26 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 26 November 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Justice Surya Kant Sworn in as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI)

Appointment of the Chief Justice of India

1. Procedure

• The outgoing CJI recommends the name of the next CJI.
• The Law Minister forwards the recommendation to the Prime Minister.
• The Prime Minister advises the President, who makes the appointment.

2. Seniority Convention

• As per the Second Judges Case (1993), the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the CJI.

3. Constitutional Provision

• Article 124(2): CJI is appointed by the President.

Appointment of Supreme Court Judges (Other than CJI)

1. Collegium System

• Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President based on recommendations of the Collegium
  (CJI + four senior-most SC judges).

2. Evolution

Developed through the Three Judges Cases:

• 1981 (First Judges Case)
• 1993 (Second Judges Case)
• 1998 (Third Judges Case)

3. Eligibility

A person must be:

• A citizen of India, and
• Either: A High Court Judge for at least 5 years, OR
• A High Court advocate for at least 10 years, OR
• A distinguished jurist (as per President’s opinion)

4. Tenure

• SC judges, including the CJI, serve until 65 years of age.
• A retired SC judge cannot practice in any court or before any authority in India.

Removal of a Supreme Court Judge

1. Grounds

• Only on proven misbehaviour or incapacity.

2. Process

The President can remove a judge only after both Houses of Parliament pass a special majority resolution:

• Majority of total membership, and
• Two-thirds of members present and voting
• Both Houses must pass the resolution in the same session.
• Detailed procedure is prescribed in the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968.

Key Roles and Powers of the CJI

1. Judicial Leadership

• Heads the Supreme Court.
• Presides over Constitution Benches.
• Allocates cases to benches.

2. Administrative Authority

• Controls the roster of the court.
• Supervises administration, listing, and registry functions.

3. Judicial Vision

Influences priorities such as:

• Reduction of pendency
• Strengthening ADR mechanisms
• Reinforcing constitutional governance and judicial reforms

Supreme Court’s Centre for Research and Planning (CRP) Releases White Paper on AI and the Judiciary

Purpose of the White Paper

• Reviews the safe and ethical use of AI in the judiciary.
• Outlines key risks, ethical concerns, and international case studies.
• Provides policy recommendations to ensure trustworthy adoption.

Risks & Ethical Challenges of AI in the Judiciary

1. Overreliance & Loss of Human Judgement

• Excessive dependence on AI can weaken judicial discretion.
• Opaque AI models reduce accountability and transparency.

2. AI Hallucinations

• AI tools may produce false information or non-existent citations.
• Examples: Roberto Mata v. Avianca (US), Coomer v. Lindell (US)

3. Algorithmic Bias

• AI tools may perpetuate societal and data-driven biases.
• Example: US COMPAS risk assessment tool → challenged in State v. Loomis for alleged racial bias.

4. Emerging Concerns

• Deepfakes → manipulation of evidence
• Privacy & confidentiality risks
• Intellectual property issues
• Lack of explainability in complex ML models

Key Recommendations of the White Paper

1. Establish AI Ethics Committees

• Multi-disciplinary teams (law + tech + ethics) to vet AI systems before deployment.
• Monitor risk, fairness, and compliance.

2. Prefer Secure In-House AI Systems

• Reduces exposure of sensitive judicial data to commercial models.
• Improves cybersecurity and confidentiality.

3. Develop a Formal Ethical AI Policy

Must define:

• Approved uses
• Responsibilities of stakeholders
• Accountability framework
• Risk-mitigation procedures

4. Additional Measures

• Mandatory disclosure, audit trails, and explainability requirements
• Comprehensive training for judges and court staff
• Clear guidelines on data protection and misuse of AI-generated content

Key Indian Initiatives

1. e-Courts Mission Mode Project

• Uses AI for case backlog reduction, translation, scheduling, and administrative efficiency.

2. SUPACE (Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court Efficiency)

• Judicial support tool to analyse records and generate briefs/summaries.

3. SUVAS (Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software)

• AI-based translation of SC judgments.
• Over 36,000 judgments translated into 19 Indian languages.

4. Other Tools

• TERES – AI-based speech transcription.
• LegRAA – Legal Research & Analysis Assistant.

Global Initiatives in AI & Justice Systems

1. UNESCO

• Recommendation on the Ethics of AI
• Global Toolkit on AI & the Rule of Law

2. OECD

• OECD Principles on AI (2019)
  • First international standard for trustworthy AI.

3. European Union

• EU AI Act – Regulates high-risk AI systems, including those used in judicial decision support.

4. National Models

• Brazil – ATHOS (AI legal analytics platform)
• Singapore – LawNet AI (AI-assisted legal research)

Ethiopia’s Hayli Gubbi Volcano Erupts After 12,000 Years

Why in News

• The Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia erupted for the first time in over 12 millennia, sending a large ash plume across the Red Sea and parts of South Asia.
• The ash cloud travelled as far as India, forcing the diversion of multiple flights due to safety concerns.

About Volcanic Eruptions

1. What is a Volcanic Eruption?

• A volcanic eruption refers to the release of molten rock (lava/magma), gases, and fragmented materials through vents in the Earth’s crust.
• Magma originates in the asthenosphere, a semi-molten, mechanically weak layer beneath the lithosphere.

2. How Eruptions Occur

• Magma Formation: High temperatures and pressures in the mantle generate molten material (magma).
• Gas Pressure Build-up: Dissolved gases expand as magma rises, dramatically increasing internal pressure.
• Eruption Trigger: The pressure forces magma upward through cracks, faults, or volcanic conduits, resulting in an eruption.
• Lava vs. Magma: Magma: Molten rock inside the Earth, Lava: Magma that has reached the surface

3. Materials Released During an Eruption

• Lava flows
• Pyroclastic debris: volcanic bombs, lapilli, ash, pumice
• Volcanic gases: sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, water vapour, CO₂
• Fine ash & dust that can travel across continents

HAMMER Precision-Guided Weapon

India’s Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has partnered with France’s Safran to jointly manufacture HAMMER precision-guided munitions in India, strengthening the country’s indigenous defence production and aerial strike capabilities.

About HAMMER

The Highly Agile Modular Munition Extended Range (HAMMER) is a modern, combat-tested air-to-surface precision strike weapon used by multiple air forces for both tactical and deep-strike roles.

Key Features

1. Operational Purpose

• Designed for close air support and deep-penetration strikes.
• Functions effectively in all-weather and day-night conditions.
• Enhances the precision-strike capability of fighter aircraft.

2. Range & Performance

• Operational range: Over 70 km.
• Allows stand-off attacks, keeping aircraft outside enemy air-defence zones.

3. Guidance & Precision

• Fire-and-forget munition requiring no further pilot guidance.
• Maintains high accuracy even in GNSS-denied or heavily jammed environments.
• Equipped with advanced seekers and inertial guidance enhancements.

4. Combat Capabilities

• Capable of simultaneous engagement of multiple targets.
• Can be launched from low altitudes and over complex or mountainous terrain.
• Provides high survivability due to autonomous functioning and strong anti-jamming properties.

5. Compatibility & Modularity

• Works with standard bomb bodies of 125 kg, 250 kg, 500 kg, and 1000 kg classes.
• Modular design enables integration with various aircraft platforms, including those used by the Indian Air Force.

GAVI – The Vaccine Alliance

GAVI and UNICEF have signed a new agreement to expand global access to the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine, aimed at accelerating immunisation in vulnerable regions.

About GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation)

1. Background

• Established in 2000 as a global public–private partnership focused on improving access to life-saving vaccines.
• Works closely with WHO, UNICEF, World Bank, vaccine manufacturers, NGOs, and donor governments.
• India is a participating member, while the USA has withdrawn its funding commitment since June 2025.

2. Core Mission

• Supports immunisation programmes in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.
• Aims to protect children from high-burden infectious diseases.
• Strengthens national vaccination systems, supply chains, cold-storage infrastructure, and last-mile delivery.

3. Global Impact

• Has provided vaccine support to over 1.2 billion children.
• Credited with helping avert more than 20 million deaths since its inception.
• Strengthened global preparedness for pandemics and outbreaks.

4. Market-Shaping Role

• Works to reduce vaccine prices through pooled procurement and long-term commitments.
• Uses innovative financing mechanisms, including: IFFIm – International Finance Facility for Immunisation.
• Advance market commitments (AMCs).
• Encourages competitive manufacturing to ensure affordable and reliable vaccine supplies.

5. Key Challenges

• Persistent funding shortfalls due to fluctuating donor contributions.
• Need for stronger coordination between global partners and national governments.
• Rising costs due to supply-chain disruptions and increasing vaccine demand.

Article 51 of the UN Charter – Reinterpretation and Contemporary Concerns

In recent global conflicts—such as Russia’s actions in Ukraine and Israel’s operations in Gaza—states have increasingly invoked ‘self-defence’ to justify the use of force. This trend has raised concerns that Article 51, originally meant as a limited exception to the prohibition on war, is being used to legitimise military aggression.

About Article 51 of the UN Charter

1. Historical Context

• After World War II, the UN Charter established a strict framework regulating the use of force.
• Article 2(4) obliges all states to avoid the threat or use of force in international relations.
• Article 51 was drafted as a narrow exception, allowing self-defence only in the event of an armed attack.

2. Evolution of Interpretation

Over the decades, states and scholars have differed on the scope of Article 51. Two major schools of thought have emerged:

A. Restrictive Interpretation

• Self-defence becomes legitimate only after an armed attack actually occurs.
• Requires clear, attributable aggression by another state.
• Reflects the original intention of the Charter to limit unilateral military action.

B. Expansive Interpretation

• Allows states to act in self-defence against imminent threats, even before an attack materialises.
• Extends the right to act against non-state actors, such as terrorist groups operating across borders.
• Frequently invoked in modern conflicts, including: US-led Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003)
• Counter-terrorism operations against cross-border militant networks.

3. Contemporary Concerns

• Broader interpretations risk weakening the global prohibition on the use of force.
• Risk of Article 51 being used as a blanket justification for war, allowing geopolitical rivals to frame offensive military actions as defensive.
• Undermines the UN Security Council’s role in regulating threats to international peace.

All Set with 26 November Current Affairs? Let’s Quiz!

Ready to put your knowledge to the test? Take our daily quiz now and reinforce what you learned!

26 November 2025 Current Affair Quiz

Why is 26 November 2025 Current Affairs Important for You?

• Essential for Exams: The Current Affairs of 26 November 2025 cover topics that are often asked in competitive exams.
• Boosts Your Knowledge: Helps you stay informed about the latest events and updates.
• Improves Accuracy: Daily practice with Current Affairs of 26 November 2025 improves your speed and accuracy in exams.
• Quick Revision: Acts as a daily revision tool for upcoming exams.
• Saves Time: You don’t need to search multiple sources; everything is here in one place!
• Helps in Interviews: Being updated with Current Affairs of 26 November 2025 gives you confidence for personal interviews and group discussions.

How to Use 26 November 2025 Current Affairs for Exam Preparation? 

• Read Properly: Go through the 26 November 2025 Current Affairs to stay updated.
• Make Notes: Summarize key points and important updates in your own words.
• Link with Syllabus: Identify topics relevant to your exam and connect them with your syllabus.
• Practice Daily Quizzes: Test your knowledge by taking daily quizzes based on 26 November 2025 Current Affairs.
• Revise Often: Review the updates multiple times to boost your recall and confidence.
• Discuss with Peers: Join discussions and share insights to deepen your understanding.

Get Daily Updates and Stay Ahead!

Law Prep Tutorial is committed to giving you the best daily current affairs updates to help you excel in various exams. Our platform is trusted by thousands of toppers for timely, accurate, and concise updates that matter most for your exams. Explore our dedicated sections below: