27 December 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 27 December 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

100 Years of the Communist Party of India (CPI)

Why in News

• The Communist Party of India (CPI) completed 100 years on 26 December 2025.
• Founded in Kanpur in 1925, CPI marked the first organised attempt within India to build an all-India communist political platform.

About the Communist Party of India (CPI)

1. Origins and Formation:

• Early Genesis (1920): A group of Indian revolutionaries met in Tashkent and formed the CPI in exile.
  - Key figures included M.N. Roy, Mohammad Ali, M.P.T. Acharya, and Mohammad Shafiq.
• Formal Establishment (1925): CPI was officially founded at the Kanpur Communist Conference.
  - The conference brought together scattered communist groups operating across British India into a unified organisation.

2. Leadership and Organisation:

• First President: Singaravelu Chettiar
• First General Secretaries: S.V. Ghate, J. P. Bagerhatta
• Notable Leaders Over Time: M.N. Roy, Evelyn Trent-Roy, Abani Mukherjee, Rosa Fitingov
  - A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad
  - P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh, P. Sundarraya

Role of CPI in India’s Freedom Struggle

1. Mass Mobilisation:

• Organised workers, peasants, students, and women through: All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS), Women’s and youth organisations
• Expanded the national movement beyond elite politics to grassroots social groups.

2. Social Reform Agenda:

• Advocated Dalit rights and social equality, Hindu–Muslim unity, Opposition to caste oppression and communal politics.

3. Regional Movements (Kerala):

• Leaders such as A.K. Gopalan and P. Krishna Pillai spearheaded the Guruvayur Satyagraha, demanding temple entry for historically excluded communities.

4. Political Vision:

• Early Demand for Complete Independence: CPI demanded Poorna Swaraj in submissions to INC sessions in 1921 and 1922, preceding its formal adoption in 1929.
• Constitutional Ideas: M.N. Roy drafted a constitutional proposal in 1934.
  - CPI consistently argued for a Constituent Assembly elected by Indians to frame a free India’s Constitution.

Manufacturing Sector in India: Structural Stagnation and the Path Ahead

Why in News

• Despite sustained economic growth, India’s manufacturing sector has not evolved into a strong engine of structural transformation, unlike peers such as China, South Korea, and Vietnam.
• Concerns are growing that India’s growth trajectory remains services-heavy, limiting large-scale job creation and industrial competitiveness.

India’s Manufacturing Sector: Current Snapshot

1. Contribution to the Economy:

• Manufacturing contributes around 17% of India’s GDP, significantly lower than: China: 25–29%, South Korea: ~27%, Vietnam: ~24%

2. Employment Profile:

• Only 11.4% of India’s workforce is employed in manufacturing.
• In comparison: Agriculture: ~45%, Services: ~29%
• This highlights weak labour absorption by industry despite surplus labour in agriculture.

Understanding Manufacturing Stagnation

1. Dutch Disease Analogy:

• India’s experience mirrors aspects of the ‘Dutch disease’, where rising public sector wages and non-tradable sectors erode industrial competitiveness.
• Originally, Dutch disease refers to a resource boom weakening manufacturing, but in India’s case, public expenditure and services-led growth have crowded out industry.

2. Structural Constraints:

• High Informality & Low Productivity: Large informal workforce limits skill development, technology adoption, and quality improvements.
• Absence of Economies of Scale: Dominance of micro and small enterprises restricts firms from scaling up and competing globally.
• Weak Innovation Ecosystem: India’s GERD stands at just 0.6–0.7% of GDP, far below advanced economies and China.
• Divergent Growth Architecture: India follows a consumption-driven growth model, unlike China’s investment- and export-led industrialisation.
• Additional Bottlenecks: High logistics costs, Limited automation and advanced manufacturing adoption, Regulatory and infrastructure inefficiencies

India to Chair the Kimberley Process from 2026

Why in News

• The Kimberley Process (KP) Plenary has chosen India to take over as Chair of the Kimberley Process from 1 January 2026, reflecting India’s growing role in global diamond governance and ethical trade frameworks.

About the Kimberley Process (KP)

1. Nature of the Initiative:

• The Kimberley Process is a tripartite global mechanism involving: National governments, International diamond industry, Civil society organisations
• It seeks to ensure that the global diamond trade does not fuel armed conflict or instability.

2. Core Objective:

• To prevent the circulation of “conflict diamonds”, defined as: Rough diamonds used by rebel groups or their affiliates, Utilised to finance armed conflicts against legitimate governments

3. Membership and Coverage:

• Participants: 60 entities, including individual countries and the European Union.
• Global Reach: Covers over 99% of the world’s rough diamond trade, making it one of the most comprehensive commodity-based certification systems.

Operational Framework

1. Certification System:

• Mandates Kimberley Process Certification for all cross-border trade in rough diamonds.
• Each shipment must be accompanied by a tamper-proof certificate issued by the exporting authority.

2. Compliance and Monitoring:

• Regular peer review mechanisms and compliance assessments.
• Participants are required to maintain robust internal controls to prevent illicit diamond flows.

Significance of India’s Chairpersonship

• Reinforces India’s position as a responsible stakeholder in ethical global trade.
• Enhances India’s influence in shaping reforms related to: Transparency in supply chains, Responsible sourcing, Governance of high-value natural resources
• Aligns with India’s broader commitment to conflict-free trade and sustainable development.

Santhali Language: Constitution Translated for the First Time

Why in News

• The Ministry of Law and Justice has released the first-ever official translation of the Constitution of India in the Santhali language.
• The release coincides with the birth centenary of the Ol Chiki script (1925–2025), created by Pandit Raghunath Murmu.

Significance of the Initiative

• Linguistic Inclusion: Enhances access to constitutional knowledge for Santhali-speaking communities.
• Cultural Recognition: Acknowledges the historical and cultural contribution of Ol Chiki, an indigenous script.
• Democratic Deepening: Promotes awareness of constitutional rights and duties among tribal populations.

About the Santhali Language

1. Linguistic Classification:

• Language Family: Austroasiatic (Austric)
• Sub-group: Munda languages

2. Constitutional Status:

• Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
• Added through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003, which expanded official language recognition.

3. Speakers and Distribution:

• Speakers are known as Santhals, one of India’s largest tribal communities.
• Predominantly spoken in: Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar

Ol Chiki Script

• Developer: Pandit Raghunath Murmu
• Year of Development: 1925
• Distinctiveness: An indigenous script created specifically for Santhali, strengthening linguistic identity and literary expression.

Quality Council of India (QCI): Next-Generation Quality Reforms

Why in News

Quality Council of India (QCI) has announced a set of next-generation quality reforms aimed at strengthening India’s quality assurance ecosystem, enhancing transparency, consumer trust, and global market access for Indian products and services.

Next-Generation Quality Reforms

1. Q Mark – Desh ka Haq: A new QR-code–enabled quality certification mark.

• Allows citizens to instantly verify the authenticity of hospitals, laboratories, MSMEs and service providers.
• Aims to eliminate fake certificates and curb misleading quality claims.

2.  Quality Setu: A digital grievance redressal and feedback platform.

• Enables consumers and businesses to: Register complaints or feedback related to quality issues & Track resolution within a defined time frame
• Strengthens accountability and responsiveness in quality regulation.

3.  Quality Passport

• A proposed digital credential for Indian products.
• Objective: Facilitate easier access to international markets & Improve recognition of Indian quality standards globally
• Supports India’s export competitiveness and brand credibility.

About the Quality Council of India (QCI)

1. Institutional Profile:

• Established with joint support of the Government of India and Indian industry.
• Registered as a non-profit organisation under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

2. Administrative Framework:

• Nodal Ministry: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT),
  Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

3. Leadership:

• Chairperson: Appointed by the Prime Minister of India, based on recommendations from industry to the government.

PM-SETU Scheme (Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs)

Why in News

• The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has invited industry participation under the PM-SETU Scheme to modernise ITIs and align skill training with industry needs.

About PM-SETU

• Full Form: Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs
• Nature: Centrally Sponsored Scheme
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
• Core Objective:
  - Upgrade India’s ITI ecosystem
  - Enhance industry-relevant skills, employability, and workforce readiness

Key Components of the Scheme

1. Component I: Upgradation of ITIs

• Coverage: Upgradation of 1,000 ITIs across the country
• Model: Hub-and-Spoke cluster approach
  - Hub ITIs act as centres of excellence
  - Spoke ITIs benefit through shared infrastructure, trainers, and curricula
• Governance Structure:
  - Managed through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)
  - Ownership pattern: 51% – Industry partners, 49% – Government

2. Component II: National-Level Capacity Enhancement

• Institutions Covered: Five National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs)
• New Institutions: Establishment of five National Centres of Excellence (NCOEs) within NSTIs
• Focus Areas: Advanced skill training, Trainer upskilling, Emerging technologies and future-ready trades

Funding Pattern

• International Co-financing: Up to 50% of the Central government’s share
  - Supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank
• Reflects global confidence in India’s skill development reforms.

K-4 Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile: Strengthening India’s Sea-Based Deterrence

Why in News

• The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted a test of the K-4 submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) from INS Arighat.
• INS Arighat is the second indigenously built Arihant-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), reinforcing India’s operational sea-based nuclear capability.

About the K-4 Missile

1. Nature and Capability:

• K-4 (Kalam-4) is a nuclear-capable, intermediate-range submarine-launched ballistic missile.
• Operational Range: Approximately 3,500 km, enabling coverage of strategic targets from secure maritime zones.

2. Strategic Significance:

• Forms a critical pillar of India’s nuclear triad, complementing land- and air-based deterrence.
• Enhances credible second-strike capability, a cornerstone of India’s nuclear doctrine.
• Sea-based deployment ensures survivability and assured retaliation, even in the event of a first strike.

3. Platform Integration:

• Specifically designed for deployment on Arihant-class SSBNs, including: INS Arihant, INS Arighat
• Optimised for underwater launch from nuclear-powered submarines, ensuring stealth and strategic reach.

About Arihant-Class Submarines

1. Key Features:

• Indigenous SSBN programme, developed as part of India’s long-term nuclear deterrence strategy.
• Nuclear propulsion enables extended underwater endurance and operational secrecy.

2. INS Arighat:

• Second submarine in the Arihant-class fleet.
• Its successful missile trial marks a step forward in operationalising India’s sea-based nuclear deterrent.

Digital Initiatives to Strengthen Citizen-Centric Administration

Department of Personnel & Training Launches Digital and Capacity-Building Initiatives to Promote Citizen-Centric, Data-Driven Governance and Strengthen Public Service Delivery.

New Features on iGOT Karmayogi Portal

1. iGOT AI Sarthi:

• AI-enabled intelligent discovery of relevant learning resources for civil servants.

2. iGOT AI Tutor:

• Personalised, in-course academic and skill-based support.

3. Karmayogi Digital Learning Lab 2.0:

Next-generation content creation facility

• Uses AR/VR, gamification, and interactive simulations
• Aims to produce high-quality, immersive digital learning modules.

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